Bangun Tubuh Bakteri Primer (utama, setiap bakteri memiliki)

Presentasi berjudul: "Bangun Tubuh Bakteri Primer (utama, setiap bakteri memiliki)"— Transcript presentasi:

1 Bangun Tubuh Bakteri Primer (utama, setiap bakteri memiliki)
Sekunder (tidak setiap bakteri memiliki)

2 Primer Dinding sel Membran plasma Sitoplasma Ribosom DNA
Granula penyimpanan

3 (a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote
Some prokaryotes Do have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions (a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote 0.2 m 1 m Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membranes Figure 27.7a, b

4 Many prokaryotes form endospores
Which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries Endospore 0.3 m Figure 27.9

5 Sekunder kapsul atau lapisan lendir flagellum pilus fimbria klorosom
vakuola gas endospora

6 Dinding sel Bakteri GRAM POSITIVE
GRAM NEGATIVE lipopolysacarida yang tersusun dari peptidoglikan tipis GRAM POSITIVE peptidoglikan tebal dan asam teichoic

7 Peptidoglikan

8 Spesifikasi Bakteri menurut Gram
Gracilicutes - Gram negative dengan sel membran sekunder Mollicutes - Gram negative tanpa sel membran sekunder Firmicutes - Gram positive dengan peptidoglikan tebal Mendosicutes – bakteri jenis Archaea

9 Bergerak dengan flagela Tipe letak flagela
Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

10 Cara Memperoleh Makanan
BAKTERI HETEROTROF Makanan berupa senyawa organik dari organisme lain Bakteri saprofit : mengurai sisa organisme atau produk organisme lainnya Bakteri parasit : dari inangnya (manusia, hewan, tumbuhan). Bakteri patogen BAKTERI AUTOTROF Mampu membuat makanannya sendiri Bakteri fotoautotrof Bakteri kemoautotrof

11 Bakteri berdasar Kebutuhan Oksigen
BAKTERI AEROB, membutuhkan oksigen Proses oksidasi amonia NH3 2 NH3 + 3 O2  2 HNO2 + 2 H2O + energi Proses oksidasi ion nitrit HNO3 2 HNO2 + O2  2 HNO3 BAKTERI ANAEROB, tidak membutuhkan oksigen, prosesnya disebut fermentasi. Bakteri anaerob obligat Bakteri anaerob fakultatif

12 In the cyanobacterium Anabaena
Photosynthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells exchange metabolic products Photosynthetic cells Heterocyst 20 m Figure 27.10

13 In some prokaryotic species
Metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies called biofilms Figure 27.11 1 m

14 Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes
Obligate aerobes Require oxygen Facultative anaerobes Can survive with or without oxygen Obligate anaerobes Are poisoned by oxygen

15 Macam-macam penyakit oleh bakteri
Tetanus Typhoid fever Diphtheria Syphilis Tuberculosis Pneumonia Meningitis Cholera Food-borne illness Leprosy

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17 Reproduksi bakteri Aseksual : pembelahan biner Seksual : Transformasi
Transduksi: menggunakan virus to help konjugasi

18 Konjugasi

19 Jenis Jenis bakteri

20 Proteobacteria Figure 27.13 Rhizobium (arrows) inside a
root cell of a legume (TEM) Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM) Chromatium; the small globules are sulfur wastes (LM) Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM) Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium (colorized TEM) Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM). 2.5 m 1 m 0.5 m Chromatium; the small globules are sulfur wastes (LM) 10 m 5 m Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM) Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium (colorized TEM) 2 m Figure 27.13

21 Chlamydias, spirochetes, Gram-positive bacteria, and cyanobacteria
Chlamydia (arrows) inside an animal cell (colorized TEM) 5 m Leptospira, a spirochete (colorized TEM) 5 m 1 m Hundreds of mycoplasmas covering a human fibroblast cell (colorized SEM) Streptomyces, the source of many antibiotics (colorized SEM) 50 m Figure 27.13 Two species of Oscillatoria, filamentous cyanobacteria (LM)

22 Peranan Bakteri Bifidobacterium
lactobacillus plantarum (L.plantarum) yang bisa mengusir gas dalam perut dan ketidaknyamanan yang terkait dengan gangguan BAB.

23 Antibiotik

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26 Biogas Mocaf

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29 2. Bioteknologi Modern Rekayasa genetik pada sel bakteri mampu menambah diversifikasi dan kuantitas produk bioteknologi. Pengembangan dan produksi hormon manusia, protein darah, interferon, dan protein untuk vaksin sekarang dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bakteri yang sudah termodifikasi. 3. Perombakan Material (Biodeterioration) Thiobacillus ferooxidans

30 Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment Figure 27.17

31 Tetracyclines: Streptomyces
side effects include yellowing of developing teeth Hillary Clinton has yellow teeth. The original, completely unedited picture

32 Prokaryotes are also major tools in
Mining The synthesis of vitamins Production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products

33 Penemuan di bidang Mikrobiologi

34 B.C YANG

35 Dihasilkan : Bacillus sp, Clostridium sp
Bacillus stearothermophilus – spora - indikator alat sterilisasi Bacillus anthracis - spores - “biological warfare”

36 Questions?

37 Applications Ekstraksi carotene dari halobacteria sebagai penambah cita rasa makanan dan sebagai zat pewarna pangan Untuk fermentasi kecap asin dan saus ikan Thai

38 BIOINSEKTISIDA - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
BAKTERI GRAM POSITIF, BERSPORA CIRI KHAS PROTEIN KRISTAL (PROTEIN CRY) TOKSIN INSEKTISIDAL SUMBER Bt : TANAH SERANGGA SAKIT AIR

39 The world’s toughest bacterium
pigmen karotenoid  pembersih molekul radikal bebas  meningkatkan sifat resisten DNA-nya terhadap molekul radikal Bioremediasi limbah B3 yang terkontaminasi radioaktif  “SUPERBUG”

40 Geosmin : produced by filamentous actinomycetes
Antibiotic production Streptomyces coelicolor colonies The wild-type colonies are covered with grey aerial mycelium and spores; the reddish mutant colonies are not forming aerial mycelium. The red mycelium colour and the dark background is from the antibiotics produced by Streptomyces coelicolor Geosmin : produced by filamentous actinomycetes gives soils characteristic earthy odor

41 Agrobacterium tumefaciens

42 Archaebacter/bakteri kuno

43 Archaea Archaea share certain traits with bacteria
And other traits with eukaryotes Table 27.2

44 Some archaea Extreme thermophiles Live in extreme environments
Thrive in very hot environments

45 Extreme halophiles Live in high saline environments Figure 27.14

46 Methanogens Live in swamps and marshes
Produce methane as a waste product

47 Concept 27.4: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
Prokaryotes are so important to the biosphere that if they were to disappear The prospects for any other life surviving would be dim

48 Chemical Recycling Prokaryotes play a major role
In the continual recycling of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of the environment in ecosystems

49 Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as decomposers
Breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products Nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes Add usable nitrogen to the environment

50 Pathogenic Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases Lyme disease is an example 5 µm Figure 27.16

51 Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease
By releasing exotoxins or endotoxins Many pathogenic bacteria Are potential weapons of bioterrorism