Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH Departemen Gizi Kesehatan FKM UNAIR

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1 Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH Departemen Gizi Kesehatan FKM UNAIR
SEJARAH FILSAFAT Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH Departemen Gizi Kesehatan FKM UNAIR

2 Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan
Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina (confusius) Barat: mitos → diganti rasio India: tidak pernah lepas induknya → Agama Hindu Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini) Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina → zaman (Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern) Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik) Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat penting → menjadi acuan

3 Historisitas Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak antroposentris Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran logosentris.

4 MITOS LOGOS YUNANI - KUNO ABAD TENGAH ABAD MODERN ABAD KONTEMPORER 6SM
3SM - 6M 14M 14-15M 18M 19M 20M RASIONALISME POSITIVISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME STRUKTURALISME FENOMENOLOGI NEOPOSITIVISME THEOLOGIAE ANCILLA RENAISSANCE AUFKLARUNG MITOS LOGOS FILSAFAT THEOLOGI ILMU CABANG FAKTOR HEURISTIK BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOGI KOMPUTER PARIWISATA DLL. AGAMA FILSAFAT FILSAFAT

5 YUNANI KUNO MITOS SM LOGOS 3SM - 6M

6 FILSAFAT Phylo = menyenangi Sophia = bijaksana MITOLOGI Dongeng, Takhayul Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu) DE-MITOLOGI Dipikirkan (secara kritis) LOGOS (ilmu)

7 AIR APEIRON UDARA BILANGAN ATOM
Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ? Thales ( SM) AIR Anaximander ( SM) APEIRON Anaximanes ( SM) UDARA Phytagoras ( SM) BILANGAN Demokritos ( SM) ATOM

8 SOCRATES (469 - 399SM) PLATO (427 - 347 SM) ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)
Dialektika PLATO ( SM) Rasionalisme ARISTOTELES ( SM) Metafisika Logika Biologi Empirisme

9 Abad 0 – 6 M Abad 6 SM – 0 M Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa
Pertentangan Gereja Filsafat mengalami kemunduran Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir Abad 6 SM – 0 M Periode Filsafat Yunani Ahli filsafatnya Thales Menggunakan pola deduktif Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

10 ABAD PERTENGAHAN ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA
ABAD KEGELAPAN BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN DOGMA DOGMA

11 RENAISSANCE AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN) LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS
PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS KEPLER GALILEO GALILEI FRANCIS BACON RENAISSANCE MASEHI AUFKLARUNG (PENCERAHAN) VOLTAIRE JJ. ROUSSEAU MONTESQUIEU IMMANUEL KANT 18 MASEHI

12 AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN
AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN) FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI) RASIONALISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME IDEALISME POSITIVISME TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”) BIOLOGI ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOGI

13 SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

14 perkembangan Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng. Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama. Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan. Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

15 Mythology Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find natural rather than supernatural explanations for natural practices 15 15 15 15

16 Natural Philosophers Nature of the physical world Science
Thales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance Anaximander – BC – all created things are limited – that which comes before and after must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water Anaximenes – BC – source of all things must be air of vapour 16 16 16 16

17 Democritus BC “everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p. 43)‏ Each block was eternal and immutable firm and solid not all the same – different shapes and sizes unlimited number Called atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)‏ 17 17 17

18 How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know today?
Atoms theory still exists P. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the model plan – “World of ideas” 18 18

19 Athens – circa 450 BC “Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)‏
Focus changed from natural philosophy to “the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)‏ Democracy evolved Art of rhetoric – “saying things in a convincing manner.” (p. 62)‏ 19 19

20 Prominent Philosophers
Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)” “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p. 63)‏ Protogoras ( BC) “Man is the measure of all things” (p. 62)‏ 20 20 20 20

21 Socrates 470-399 BC there are norms wrote nothing down
greatest influence on western thinking taught in the city squares known to us through Plato’s writings we must use our reason to grasp “philosophical truths” p. 65 feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony” 21

22 Socrates died because of his convictions 22

23 Plato 428-347 BC Pupil of Socrates theory of ideas
Myth of the cave – denies the reality of the natural world We must become enlightened 23

24 Myth of the Cave From The Republic
What we take in with our senses is not real, but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual Should take in the world intellectually Ignorance is likened to imprisonment 24

25 Plato and Aristotle 25

26 Aristotle 384-322 BC student of Plato
Elemental theory – fire, water, wind, earth Rejected Plato's “world of ideas” Senses are important Women as inferior 26

27 Medieval/Baroque Machiavelli – – control populace – politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)‏ Spinoza – in God (one substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic” Hobbes – – materialist – natural world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.” Hume

28 THOMAS HOBBES “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman” Yang ada hanyalah materi, Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah mesin Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang ada dalam kepala manusia. Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah mengunjungi Galileo.

29 Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education
Locke – – father of empiricism and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.” Hume – – nothing is certain (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist – borrowed reality – “There is a reason why every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” – calculus (Leibniz or Newton)‏

30 Existentialism/Modernism
Kierkegaard – – father of existentialism - individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence deBeauvoir – French existentialist – Sartre - feminism Sartre – – fate doesn't exist – man is what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.” Descartes – – father of modern philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I think therefore I am.” Camus– – French writer – absurd that humans demand significance in an indifferent universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.”

31 Senses or Reason Empiricists – believe that we learn through our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)‏ Rationalists – believe one has to have an understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition Kant synthesized the two – need reason and the senses to learn