Matakuliah : F0174 / Audit Laporan Keuangan Berbasis Komputer

Presentasi berjudul: "Matakuliah : F0174 / Audit Laporan Keuangan Berbasis Komputer"— Transcript presentasi:

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2 Matakuliah : F0174 / Audit Laporan Keuangan Berbasis Komputer
Tahun : 2008 Infrastruktur dalam Sistem Informasi Akuntansi dan Database Pertemuan 05-06

3 Infrastruktur Sistem Informasi Akuntansi
3 Bina Nusantara

4 Four fundamentalobjectives to manage data:
Sharability: Different stakeholders in organization should be permitted to access and use the same data. Availability If data were to be shared, different stakeholders should be able to access and use the data whenever they needed it. Evolvability Facilities had to exist that allowed data and its definition to be modified easily in response to changingstakeholder needs. Integrity If data were to be shared among multiple stakeholders, its authenticity, accuracy, and completenees had to preserved Bina Nusantara

5 Konsep Digitalisasi Data
5 Bina Nusantara

6 MEMAHAMI BAGAIMANA KOMPUTER MENYAJIKAN DATA
PENGKODEAN ASCII (American National Standard Code for information Interchange) format yang biasanya dijumpai pada IBM Mainframe Komputer dan Mid Range Komputer EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Format yang dijumpai pada hampir semua jenis komputer Bina Nusantara

7 HIERARKI DATA DIGITAL (BINARY DIGIT)
1 HIERARKI DATA DIGITAL (BINARY DIGIT) DIGITAL ANALOG BIT 1 8 BYTE UNICODE=16BIT=>65000CRKTR WORD DATABASE RECORD DATA FILE Bina Nusantara

8 Representing Pictures, Time
Pixel : Ukuran ketajaman/detail jumlah cell dalam tiap inchi Time Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds Microsenond = 1/1,000,000 Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000 Picosencond = 1/1,000,000,000,000 Representing Size of Bytes Size is measured by the number of bytes KB -Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes (actually 1024) MB -Megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes = 106 bytes GB -Gigabyte = 109 bytes TB -Terabyte = 1012 bytes PB -Petabyte = 1015 bytes Exabyte - = 1018 bytes Bina Nusantara

9 Konsep Data Base 9 Bina Nusantara

10 File Systems program 1 File 1 data description 1 program 2
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11 Database Management description manipulation control Application
DBMS Application program 1 (with data semantics) program 2 program 3 description manipulation control Bina Nusantara

12 Motivation Database Technology Computer Networks integration
distribution Distributed Database Systems integration integration ≠ centralization Bina Nusantara

13 Distributed Computing
A concept in search of a definition and a name. A number of autonomous processing elements (not necessarily homogeneous) that are interconnected by a computer network and that cooperate in performing their assigned tasks. Bina Nusantara

14 Distributed Computing
Synonymous terms distributed function distributed data processing multiprocessors/multicomputers satellite processing backend processing dedicated/special purpose computers timeshared systems functionally modular systems Bina Nusantara

15 What is distributed … Processing logic Functions Data Control
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16 What is a Distributed Database System?
A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple, logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. A distributed database management system (D–DBMS) is the software that manages the DDB and provides an access mechanism that makes this distribution transparent to the users. Distributed database system (DDBS) = DDB + D–DBMS Bina Nusantara

17 What is not a DDBS? A timesharing computer system
A loosely or tightly coupled multiprocessor system A database system which resides at one of the nodes of a network of computers - this is a centralized database on a network node Bina Nusantara

18 Centralized DBMS on a Network
Site 1 Site 2 Site 5 Communication Network Site 4 Site 3 Bina Nusantara

19 Distributed DBMS Environment
Site 1 Site 2 Site 5 Communication Network Site 4 Site 3 Bina Nusantara

20 Implicit Assumptions Data stored at a number of sites  each site logically consists of a single processor. Processors at different sites are interconnected by a computer network  no multiprocessors parallel database systems Distributed database is a database, not a collection of files  data logically related as exhibited in the users’ access patterns relational data model D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS not remote file system, not a TP system Bina Nusantara

21 Shared-Memory Architecture
P1 Pn D M Examples : symmetric multiprocessors (Sequent, Encore) and some mainframes (IBM3090, Bull's DPS8) Bina Nusantara

22 Shared-Disk Architecture
P1 M1 Pn D Mn Examples : DEC's VAXcluster, IBM's IMS/VS Data Sharing Bina Nusantara

23 Shared-Nothing Architecture
P1 M1 D1 Pn Dn Mn Examples : Teradata's DBC, Tandem, Intel's Paragon, NCR's 3600 and 3700 Bina Nusantara

24 Applications Manufacturing - especially multi-plant manufacturing
Military command and control EFT Corporate MIS Airlines Hotel chains Any organization which has a decentralized organization structure Bina Nusantara

25 Distributed DBMS Promises
Transparent management of distributed, fragmented, and replicated data Improved reliability/availability through distributed transactions Improved performance Easier and more economical system expansion Bina Nusantara

26 Transparency data independence
Transparency is the separation of the higher level semantics of a system from the lower level implementation issues. Fundamental issue is to provide data independence in the distributed environment Network (distribution) transparency Replication transparency Fragmentation transparency horizontal fragmentation: selection vertical fragmentation: projection hybrid Bina Nusantara

27 Example EMP ASG ENO ENAME TITLE ENO PNO RESP DUR E1 J. Doe Elect. Eng.
Manager 12 E2 M. Smith Syst. Anal. E2 P1 Analyst 24 E3 A. Lee Mech. Eng. E2 P2 Analyst 6 E4 J. Miller Programmer E3 P3 Consultant 10 E5 B. Casey Syst. Anal. E3 P4 Engineer 48 E6 L. Chu Elect. Eng. E4 P2 Programmer 18 E7 R. Davis Mech. Eng. E5 P2 Manager 24 E6 P4 Manager 48 E8 J. Jones Syst. Anal. E7 P3 Engineer 36 E7 P5 Engineer 23 E8 P3 Manager 40 PROJ PAY PNO PNAME BUDGET TITLE SAL P1 Instrumentation 150000 Elect. Eng. 40000 P2 Database Develop. 135000 Syst. Anal. 34000 P3 CAD/CAM 250000 Mech. Eng. 27000 P4 Maintenance 310000 Programmer 24000 Bina Nusantara

28 Transparent Access SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP,ASG,PAY WHERE DUR > 12
AND EMP.ENO = ASG.ENO AND PAY.TITLE = EMP.TITLE Paris projects Paris employees Paris assignments Boston employees Montreal projects New York projects with budget > Montreal employees Montreal assignments Boston Communication Network Montreal Paris New York Boston projects Boston assignments New York employees New York assignments Tokyo Bina Nusantara

29 Distributed Database - User View
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30 Distributed DBMS - Reality
User Query DBMS Software User Application DBMS Software DBMS Software Communication Subsystem User Application DBMS Software User Query DBMS Software User Query Bina Nusantara

31 Potentially Improved Performance
Proximity of data to its points of use Requires some support for fragmentation and replication Parallelism in execution Inter-query parallelism Intra-query parallelism Bina Nusantara

32 Parallelism Requirements
Have as much of the data required by each application at the site where the application executes Full replication How about updates? Updates to replicated data requires implementation of distributed concurrency control and commit protocols Bina Nusantara

33 System Expansion Issue is database scaling
Emergence of microprocessor and workstation technologies Demise of Grosh's law Client-server model of computing Data communication cost vs telecommunication cost Bina Nusantara

34 Distributed DBMS Issues
Distributed Database Design how to distribute the database replicated & non-replicated database distribution a related problem in directory management Query Processing convert user transactions to data manipulation instructions optimization problem min{cost = data transmission + local processing} general formulation is NP-hard Bina Nusantara

35 Distributed DBMS Issues
Concurrency Control synchronization of concurrent accesses consistency and isolation of transactions' effects deadlock management Reliability how to make the system resilient to failures atomicity and durability Bina Nusantara

36 Relationship Between Issues
Directory Management Query Processing Distribution Design Reliability Concurrency Control Deadlock Management Bina Nusantara

37 Struktur Data/File 37 Bina Nusantara

38 HIERARKI DATA DIGITAL (BINARY DIGIT)
1 HIERARKI DATA DIGITAL (BINARY DIGIT) DIGITAL ANALOG BIT 1 8 BYTE UNICODE=16BIT=>65000CRKTR WORD DATABASE RECORD DATA FILE Bina Nusantara

39 Representing Pictures, Time
Pixel : Ukuran ketajaman/detail jumlah cell dalam tiap inchi Time Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds Microsenond = 1/1,000,000 Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000 Picosencond = 1/1,000,000,000,000 Representing Size of Bytes Size is measured by the number of bytes KB -Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes (actually 1024) MB -Megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes = 106 bytes GB -Gigabyte = 109 bytes TB -Terabyte = 1012 bytes PB -Petabyte = 1015 bytes Exabyte - = 1018 bytes Bina Nusantara

40 Format Data Base 40 Bina Nusantara

41 Hirarkis Data Hirarkis data meliputi bit, ruas, rekod, dan file, yang merupakan unsur-unsur suatu database. Data dapat dikelompokkan menurut hirarki kategori, masing-masing terus meningkat ke yang lebih kompleks. Hirarki penyimpanan data terdiri dari tingkatan data disimpan: bit, byte (karakter), ruas, rekord, file, dan database Bina Nusantara

42 Hirarkis Data Bina Nusantara

43 Sistem Manajemen Database
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan sistem manajemen database? (Database Management System=DBMS). Sistem manajemen database adalah sistem berbasis komputer untuk mendefinisikan, membuat, memanipulasi, mengawasi, mengatur, dan menggunakan database. Sebuah database adalah kumpulan dari integrasi data yang terorganisir seperti byte, ruas, rekod, dan file. DBMS adalah menggantikan sistem manajemen file lama dan dengan demikian meningkatkan integritas data dan kemandirian, serta mengurangi pemborosan data Bina Nusantara

44 Manajemen File v.s. Manajemen Database
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45 Fundamental DBMS DMBS membutuhkan kapasitas penyimpanan besar, biasanya menggunakan magnetic tape, hard disk, CD-ROM, dan sistem penyimpanan (mass storage systems). Perangkat lunak DBMS biasanya termasuk bahasa query, penulis laporan, utiliti, kamus data, dan log transaksi. Perangkat keras: Menghitung kapasitas penyimpanan Perangkat lunak: Pengawasan Bina Nusantara

46 Perangkat Lunak dan Contoh Laporan dari DBMS
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47 Kamus Data dan Log Transaksi
Paket Perangkat Lunak Database Bina Nusantara

48 Jenis Organisasi Database
Tiga jenis umum struktur database adalah: Hirarkis: pada struktur database hirarkis, ruas atau rekod diatur dalam kelompok yang berhubungan menyerupai ranting pohon Jaringan: database jaringan hampir sama dengan hirarkis, tetapi masing-masing anak rekod dapat memiliki induk lebih dari satu rekod Relasional: Jenis pengorganisasian yang paling fleksibel, database relasional menghubungkan data di dalam file berbeda melalui penggunaan suatu ruas kunci, atau elemen data umum Bina Nusantara

49 Database Hirarkis Bina Nusantara

50 Database Jaringan Bina Nusantara

51 Database Relasional Bina Nusantara

52 Format File dalam project audit/tabel data
Open Data Base Conectifity Delimited files Text File Acces File EXCEL File DBF File Dat File PNG File ACL format File PDF File Bina Nusantara