BIAYA: Konsep, Klasifikasi dan Perilaku BAB 2

Manufacturing Cost Concepts Financial Accounting Cost is a measure of resources used or given up to achieve a stated purpose. Managerial Accounting Product costs are the costs a company assigns to units produced.

The Product Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Manufacturing Costs

Classifications of Costs Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Prime Cost Conversion Cost Manufacturing costs are often combined as follows:

Nonmanufacturing Costs Marketing and selling costs... –Costs necessary to get the order and deliver the product. Administrative costs... –All executive, organizational, and clerical costs.

Product Costs Versus Period Costs Product costs include direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Period costs are not included in product costs. They are expensed on the income statement. Inventory Cost of Good Sold Balance Sheet Income Statement Sale Expense Income Statement

Merchandiser Current Assets –Cash –Receivables –Prepaid Expenses –Merchandise Inventory Manufacturer Current Assets v Cash v Receivables v Prepaid Expenses v Inventories Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods Balance Sheet

Merchandiser Current Assets –Cash –Receivables –Prepaid Expenses –Merchandise Inventory Manufacturer Current Assets v Cash v Receivables v Prepaid Expenses v Inventories Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods Balance Sheet Materials waiting to be processed. Partially complete products – some material, labor, or overhead has been added. Completed products awaiting sale.

The Income Statement Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.

Manufacturing Cost Flows Raw MaterialsMaterial Purchases Balance Sheet Costs Inventories Income Statement Expenses

Manufacturing Cost Flows Manufacturing Overhead Work in Process Material Purchases Direct Labor Balance Sheet Costs Inventories Income Statement Expenses Raw Materials

Manufacturing Cost Flows Manufacturing Overhead Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Material Purchases Direct Labor Balance Sheet Costs Inventories Income Statement Expenses Raw Materials

Manufacturing Cost Flows Manufacturing Overhead Work in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold Selling and Administrative Material Purchases Direct Labor Balance Sheet Costs Inventories Income Statement Expenses Selling and Administrative Period Costs Raw Materials

Inventory Flows Beginning balance $$ Beginning balance $$ Available $$$$$ Ending balance $$ Ending balance $$ Additions $$$ + = Withdrawals $$$ _ =

Product Costs - A Closer Look Beginning inventory is the inventory carried over from the prior period.

As items are removed from raw materials inventory and placed into the production process, they are called direct materials. Product Costs - A Closer Look

Conversion costs are costs incurred to convert the direct material into a finished product. Product Costs - A Closer Look

All manufacturing costs incurred during the period are added to the beginning balance of work in process. Product Costs - A Closer Look

Costs associated with the goods that are completed during the period are transferred to finished goods inventory.

Product Costs - A Closer Look

Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior How a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. –Total variable costs change when activity changes. –Total fixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes. How a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. –Total variable costs change when activity changes. –Total fixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes.

Total Variable Cost Your total long distance telephone bill is based on how many minutes you talk. Minutes Talked Total Long Distance Telephone Bill

Variable Cost Per Unit Minutes Talked Per Minute Telephone Charge The cost per long distance minute talked is constant. For example, 10 cents per minute.

Total Fixed Cost Your monthly basic telephone bill probably does not change when you make more local calls. Number of Local Calls Monthly Basic Telephone Bill

Fixed Cost Per Unit Number of Local Calls Monthly Basic Telephone Bill per Local Call The average cost per local call decreases as more local calls are made.

Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior

Direct Costs and Indirect Costs Direct costs Costs that can be easily and conveniently traced to a unit of product or other cost objective. Examples: direct material and direct labor Indirect costs Costs cannot be easily and conveniently traced to a unit of product or other cost object. Example: manufacturing overhead

Differential Costs and Revenues Costs and revenues that differ among alternatives. Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in your hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboring city that pays $2,000 per month. The commuting cost to the city is $300 per month. Differential revenue is: $2,000 – $1,500 = $500

Differential Costs and Revenues Costs and revenues that differ among alternatives. Differential revenue is: $2,000 – $1,500 = $500 Differential cost is: $300 Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in your hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboring city that pays $2,000 per month. The commuting cost to the city is $300 per month.

Opportunity Costs The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another. Example: If you were not attending college, you could be earning $15,000 per year. Your opportunity cost of attending college for one year is $15,000.

Sunk Costs Sunk costs cannot be changed by any decision. They are not differential costs and should be ignored when making decisions. Example: You bought an automobile that cost $10,000 two years ago. The $10,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $10,000 cost.

End of Chapter 2

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Contoh Soal

Resource Flows Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used? a.$276,000 b.$272,000 c.$280,000 d.$ 2,000

Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000 of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that $28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material used? a.$276,000 b.$272,000 c.$280,000 d.$ 2,000 Resource Flows

Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct Labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month? a.$555,000 b.$835,000 c.$655,000 d.Cannot be determined.

Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct Labor was $375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing costs incurred for the month? a.$555,000 b.$835,000 c.$655,000 d.Cannot be determined. Resource Flows

Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month? a.$1,160,000 b.$ 910,000 c.$ 760,000 d.Cannot be determined.

Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the cost of goods manufactured during the month? a.$1,160,000 b.$ 910,000 c.$ 760,000 d.Cannot be determined. Resource Flows

Cost Behavior Fixed costs are usually characterized by: a.Unit costs that remain constant. b.Total costs that increase as activity decreases. c.Total costs that increase as activity increases. d.Total costs that remain constant.

Fixed costs are usually characterized by: a.Unit costs that remain constant. b.Total costs that increase as activity decreases. c.Total costs that increase as activity increases. d.Total costs that remain constant. Cost Behavior

Variable costs are usually characterized by: a.Unit costs that decrease as activity increases. b.Total costs that increase as activity decreases. c.Total costs that increase as activity increases. d.Total costs that remain constant.

Variable costs are usually characterized by: a. Unit costs that decrease as activity increases. b.Total costs that increase as activity decreases. c.Total costs that increase as activity increases. d.Total costs that remain constant. Cost Behavior