Journey to the center of the earth

Radius rata2 6,371.0 km Radius ekuator 6,378.1 km Radius kutub Earth, Planet Earth, the World, Terra Radius rata2 6,371.0 km Radius ekuator 6,378.1 km Radius kutub 6,356.8 km Luas permukaan 148,940,000 km² land   (29.2 %) 361,132,000 km² water (70.8 %) Volume 1.0832073×1012 km³ Massa 5.9736×1024 kg Densitas rata2 5.5153 g/cm³ Earth facts and figures

Chemical/Compositional layers Inti Core Mantel Mantle Kerak Crust Chemical/Compositional layers

CRUST OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST Kerak benua

CRUST KOMPOSISI Granitik; kaya Si dan Al, miskin Mg dan Fe OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST kerak benua KOMPOSISI Granitik; kaya Si dan Al, miskin Mg dan Fe Diorit dan basalt di bagian bawah KETEBALAN 20-70 km DENSITAS 2.7 g/cm kubik UMUR Tua; paling tua 4.4 Ga

CRUST KOMPOSISI Basaltik; kaya Mg dan Fe, miskin Si dan Al OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST kerak benua KOMPOSISI Basaltik; kaya Mg dan Fe, miskin Si dan Al KETEBALAN 7-10 km DENSITAS 3.0 g/cm kubik UMUR muda; paling tua 200 Mya

MANTLE KOMPOSISI Peridotit KETEBALAN 2.890 km POSISI 10 km-2900 km 10-670 = upper mantle 670-2890 = lower mantle DENSITAS 3.4-5.6 g/cm kubik - 80% volume bumi MOHOrovicic discontinuity layer batas kerak dan mantel

INTI KOMPOSISI Besi (88%), nikel (5.8%), Sulfur (4.5 %) 1 % trace elements TEMPERATUR 4000-6000º C DENSITAS 10-13 g/cm kubik POSISI 2900-6371 km KETEBALAN 3471 km INTI

O 46% Si 28% Al 8% Fe 6% Mg 13% Ca 2.4% K 2.3 % Na 2.1% Fe 35 % O 30 % Other <1% Fe 35 % O 30 % Si 15 % Mg 13 % Ni 2.4% S 1.9% Ca 1.1% Al 1.1% elements (by weight)

Physical/Mechanical layers Litosfer Lithosphere Astenosfer Asthenosphere Mesosfer Mesosphere Inti dalam Inner core Inti luar Outer core Physical/Mechanical layers

LITOSFER lithosphere KETEBALAN 100-150 km PENYUSUN kerak dan mantel atas SIFAT Solid. Rigid. Brittle.

ASTENOSFER asthenosphere KETEBALAN 100-200 km TEMPERATUR 1400-3000 C DENSITAS 3.4-4.3 g/cm kubik PENYUSUN mantel SIFAT Solid. Ductile.

MESOSFER mesosphere POSISI 300-2900 km PENYUSUN mantel KOMPOSISI peridotit TEMPERATUR av. 3000 C DENSITAS 4.3-5.4 g/cm kubik SIFAT Solid makin ke dalam, struktur kristal makin kompak Transitional Mantle I: 390-450 km Transitional Mantle II: ~670-670 km

Gutternberg discontinuity POSISI 2900-5200 km KOMPOSISI Besi, nikel, 10% lighter elements DENSITAS 9.9–12.2 g/cm kubik TEMPERATUR 4000-5000 C SIFAT Liquid Gutternberg discontinuity INTI LUAR outer core

INTI DALAM inner core POSISI 5200-6371 km KOMPOSISI Besi, nikel, lighter, trace elements DENSITAS 12.8–13.1 g/cm kubik TEMPERATUR 5000-6000 K SIFAT Solid. Lehmann’s discontinuity

WATCH OUT LITHOSPHERE

More about earth’s layer 100 350 2900 5200 6371 2900 35 More about earth’s layer html

Plate tectonics theory

VERTICAL MOTION due to local difference of mantle’s heat rate James Hutton VERTICAL MOTION due to local difference of mantle’s heat rate

Tapi… ada hal-hal yang ga bisa dijelaskan!

Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930) Aha! Saya punya teorinya! It is_ PLATE TECTONIC THEORY Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930)

litosfer Mantel atas Litosfer, yang terdiri atas kerak benua atau kerak samudera dan mantel atas, mengapung di atas lapisan Astenosfer, lapisan batuan cair. Itulah lempeng tektonik_

Volcano distribution

And they are MOVING???? How? WOW, MEREKA bergerak! How come???

Kalau menurut saya sih,,,. konveksi inilah yang menggerakkan kerak bumi.

Source: Dietmar Muller, Sydney University

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Volcano distribution

THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

India-Australian Plate Eurasian Plate Pacific Plate 12 cm/yr 5-6 cm/yr India-Australian Plate ACTIVE TECTONICS of INDONESIA: Crustal motions from GPS study (Bock et al, 2004)

Today’s researches show something different. Sorry, Sir. Today’s researches show something different. HEH??

(continent-continent) DIVERGENT New ocean basin Sea floor spreading (ocean-ocean) SWF Rift valley (continent-continent) SWF

PEMEKARAN SAMUDERA ATLANTIK

THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

Banyak gempa bumi di sepanjang transform fault Lempeng A Lempeng B REAL WORLD : rough surfaced stuffs Banyak gempa bumi di sepanjang transform fault

THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

EQ 1906 EQ 1984

ocean-ocean,continent CONVERGENT ocean-ocean,continent ocean-continent Subduction zones New ocean basin continent-continent

THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

Siklus berlangsung beberapa ratus juta tahun GERAKAN LEMPENG SUPERBENUA RIFTING ( PERETAKAN / PEMISAHAN ) SUBDUCTION (PENUNJAMAN) COLLISION (TUMBUKAN) SHEARING/TRANSFORM (BERPAPASAN) SIKLUS WILSON SPREADING (PEMEKARAN SAMUDERA) Siklus berlangsung beberapa ratus juta tahun

Hot-spots. SWF

Hotspots around the world

That’s all…Thanks!

Mau tantangan baru?

WHY?

Theia. A CHEMICAL THING WHY THE EARTH HAS SO MUCH IRON?

Permainan pressure A PHYSICAL THING #1 WHY A PART IS LIQUID/DUCTILE WHEREAS ANOTHER IS RIGID?

A CHEM-PHYS THING WHY THE FARTHER THE DENSER? Gas releasing 1st forming. GRAVitational settling A CHEM-PHYS THING WHY THE FARTHER THE DENSER?

Video: Formation of the earth ****watch by urself Structure of earth: chemical-physical - Why different? How could we know? I mean, we haven’t dig till even Moho video of Moho drilling project One by one look@ - The composition. Why it can be like onion??? relation with Theia The magnetosphere: thanks to our liquid core, but… Interlude: good movie, journey to the center of the earth (trailer) The plate tectonics theory before plate tectonic The early evidences? Continental drift, sea floor spreading. What is “the plate”? what mechanism drive these big plates? THE CONVECTION Let’s see some of them type of contacts? And results? Assumptions Mantle plume: lil’ hotspots. Problems plate tectonics face?