Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Operating 20210 Compiler System (Windows 98) Software Assembler Instruction Set Architecture Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi

Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer Application S/W MS Word  computer as electronic type-writer MS Excel  computer as electronic calculator System S/W Compilers  computer as translator (source to executable program) Operating Systems  computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers Instruction Set What basic operations can be carried out What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory How can data be exchanged to the outside “world” Computer H/W The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output

Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman C = A * B; High Level Language Program (e.g., C) 20210 Compiler lds r1, 0x100 lds r2, 0x102 add r1, r2 sts 0x104, r1 Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR) Assembler Machine Language Program (AVR) 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification °

Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java Java Language byte code Java Virtual Machine JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w Operating System Computer H/W

5 Komponen Utama Komputer Processor (active) Computer Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Display, Printer Disk (where not running) That is, any computer, no matter how primitive or advance, can be divided into five parts: 1. The input devices bring the data from the outside world into the computer. 2. These data are kept in the computer’s memory until ... 3. The datapath request and process them. 4. The operation of the datapath is controlled by the computer’s controller. All the work done by the computer will NOT do us any good unless we can get the data back to the outside world. 5. Getting the data back to the outside world is the job of the output devices. The most COMMON way to connect these 5 components together is to use a network of busses.

Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus PCI Bus I/O Busses

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20 TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 MBus Module SuperSPARC Floating-point Unit L2 $ CC DRAM Controller Integer Unit MBus L64852 MBus control M-S Adapter Inst Cache Ref MMU Data Cache STDIO SBus serial Store Buffer SCSI kbd SBus DMA mouse Ethernet audio RTC Bus Interface SBus Cards Boot PROM Floppy

Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515

Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters I/O Bus Memory Controllers Disks Displays Keyboards I/O Devices: Networks Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

Set Instruksi/Pemrograman Input/Output Memori Aritmatika Prosesor Outline Materi Kuliah Konsep-konsep Dasar Stored Program Computer Instruction Set Set Instruksi/Pemrograman Input/Output Memori Aritmatika Prosesor Datapath Control Unit Pipeline

Generasi Komputer I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103 II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094 Bahasa Rakitan Vacuum Tube 40.000 instruksi/detik II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094 Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200.000 instruksi/detik III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1.000.000 instruksi/detik IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) Microprocessor, PC 10.000.000 instruksi/detik IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) 100.000.000 instruksi/detik

Tren Teknologi

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million Moore’s Law 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called “Moore’s Law”

Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 1.54X/yr Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year size(Megabit) 1980 0.0625 1983 0.25 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256 Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

Teknologi Komputer  Perubahan Dramatis Prosessor 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir Memori Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir Disk Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

Bicycle Computer (Embedded) P. Brain wireless heart monitor strap record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate Every 10 to 60 sec. 8KB data  33 hours Stores information so can be uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed Heart Rate Speed Altitude Dramatic change !!!