4 SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA DUA TIPE SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA: UNSUR-UNSUR KIMIA, BERSIRKULASI DALAM BIOSFER MELALUI ALUR DARI LINGKUNGAN KE ORGANISME LALU KEMBALI KE LINGKUNGAN PERGERAKAN UNSUR-UNSUR BAHAN ANORGANIK TERSEBUT DAN ESENSIAL BAGI KEHIDUPAN DISEBUT SEBAGAI “NUTRIENT CYCLING” DUA TIPE SIKLUS BIOGEOKIMIA: 1. TIPE GAS: RESERVOIR DI ATMOSFER/HYDROSFER 2. TIPE SEDIMENTASI: RESERVOIR DI LAPISAN BUMI DALAM SIKLUS ADA DUA KOMPARTMEN (POOL) 1. Reservoir pool (storage pool) Besar, pergerakan lamban, umumnya komponen non biologis Sedikit, aktif, berpindah cepat dari orang --> lingkungan 2. Exchange pool (Active pool)

GENERAL FEATURE OF MATERIAL CYCLES ACTIVE POOL STORAGE POOL PHYSICAL PROCESS LIFE PROCESS GENERAL FEATURE OF MATERIAL CYCLES (UM, P. 34)

THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE PROTOPLASM PLANTS --> ANIMALS Bacteria BACTERIA & FUNGI OF DECAY Nitrogen-fixing bacteria & Algae Protein Synthesis NITRATES Shallow marine sediments Loss to deep sediments Nitrate Bacteria NITROGEN IN THE AIR Electrification & Photochemical fix. Denitrifying Bacteria Nitrite Bacteria NITRITES Aminoacids & organic residues Aminifying Bacteria AMMONIA Gain from volcanic action Icnous rock EXCRETION: Urea, etc. Marine birds & fish A THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE AMINO-ACIDS PROTOPLASM AMMONIA NITRITE NITRATE Step providing energy to the decomposer organisms Step requiring energy from other sources (sunlight or organic matter) Energy barrier NITROGEN GAS B THE NITROGEN BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

Shallow marine sediments PROTOPLASM PLANTS --> ANIMALS Bacteria PHOSPHATISING BACTERIA PHOSPHATE ROCKS GUANO DEPOSITS FOSSIL BONE DEP. Shallow marine sediments Loss to deep sediments VOLCANIC APATITE DISSOLVED PHOSPHATES Marine birds & fish EXCRETION BONES TEETH Erosion SYNTHESIS THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

THE SULFUR CYCLE rain SO4 O H2S gas H2S Iron Sufide SO2 Sulfur dioxide Fuel Combust fertilizer Plant Uptake Decay Organic S R H2S Iron Sufide Aerobic Zone Sulfur Phosphorus release Leaching O = Oxidation R = Reduction S = sulfur THE SULFUR CYCLE

Ozone Layer O2-in atmosphere, water & chemical compounds Water & CO2 Photosynthesis by green plants Respiration of organism THE OXIGEN CYCLE

NITROGEN Gaseous nitrogen In atmosphere Excretion & death Protein Fix. By plants Volcanic rocks Decomposition ammonium nitrite nitrate Commercial fertilizers & chemicals Denitrification by bacteria Loss to deep sediments Inorganic nitrogen in oceans Update by plants NITROGEN

Atmosphere Phytoplankton Zooplankton fish Dead organic matter Coal and Oil Assimilation Surface Layers Ocean Water & nutrient exchange Deeper layers Sediments HYDROSPHERE CARBON

sun Stratosphere Increasing CO2 Troposphere Infrared rad. Carbon dioxide layer, preventing Infrared escape Increasing CO2 Troposphere Air heated, temp. rises Infrared rad. Air heated, temp. rises Glass in greenhouse Prevents infrared escape Earth’s heated surface

NATURAL FALL OUT MAN MADE RIVER SEDIMENTS SEA GRANITE (ROCK) BASALT MANTLE (VOLCANOUS) 2900 KM

TURN OVER RATE (TR) Jumlah substansi yang dilepas pada jarak waktu tertentu Misalnya: 1000 unit ada pada komponen 10 lepas per jam TR = 10 1000 = 0,01 TURN OVER TIME (TT) waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengganti kuantitas substansi agar equal dengan jumlah pada komponen TT = 1000 10 = 100 jam

Tabel: ESTIAMATE OF THE TURN OVER TIME OF P. IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS OF THREE LAKES lake Area (Km2) Depth (M) Turn over time in days Water sediments Bluff Punch Bowl Crecy 0,4 0,3 2,04 7 6 3,8 5,4 39 7,6 37 17,0 176 (Hutchinson, 1957)

(DISTROBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON) soil wood litter leaf (NORTHERN CONIFEROUS FOREST) soil wood litter leaf (TROPICAL RAIN FOREST) (DISTROBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON)