Aturan2 dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional MK: HHI HI UGM 2013 Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS & Ririn TN, MA

The Hague Law 1907 1954 Deals with the Rules of Combat

Contents of Geneva Conventions I Wounded and Sick II Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked III Prisoners of War IV Civilians ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS I Develops GC Further II Non International Conflict Deals with the victims of conflict

Konvensi Jenewa 1949 KJ I: Perlindungan tentara dlm perang di darat hrs dikumpulkan & dirawat tanpa ada diskriminasi KJ II: Perlindungan tentara dlm perang di lauthrs dikumpulkan & dirawat tanpa ada diskriminasi KJ III: Perlakuan tawanan perang Tawanan perang bukanlah seorang kriminal Selama ditahan, TP hrs diperlakukan scr manusiawi TP hrs dibebaskan setelah permusuhan berakhir KJ IV: Perlindungan org2 sipil di waktu perang

Common article 3 Dalam sengketa bersenjata yg tdk bersifat internasional yg berlangsung dlm wilayah salah satu Pihak Peserta yg Agung, tiap pihak dlm sengketa akan diwajibkan u/ melaksanakan sekurang2-nya ketentuan2 berikut: 1)Orang2 yg tdk turut serta aktif dlm konflik itu, tmsk anggota AB yg telah letakkan senjata serta mrk yg tdk lagi terlibat (hors de cpmbat) krn sakit, luka2, penahanan atau alasan lain apapun, dlm keadaan bgmn-pun hrs diperlakukan scr manusiawi, tanpa perbedaan yg merugikan apapun jg yg didasarkan atas suku, warna kulit, agama & kepercayaan, kelamin, keturunan atau kekayaan, atau kriteria lainnya yg serupa. Untuk maksud itu…

2) Yg terluka & sakit hrs dikumpulkan & dirawat Untuk maksud itu, mk tindakan2 berikut dilarang & tetap akan dilarang u/ dilakukan thd org2 tsb di atas pd wkt & tempat di manapun jg: Tindakan kekerasan atas jiwa & raga, terutama setiap mcm pembunuhan, pemutungan, perlakuan kejam & penyiksaan Penyanderaan Perkosaan atas kehormatan pribadi, terutama perlakuan yg menghina & merendahkan martabat Menghukum & mjlnkan hukuman mati tanpa didahului keputusan yg dijatuhkan o/ suatu pengadilan yg dibentuk scr teratur, yg mberikan segenap jaminan peradilan yg diakui sbg keharusan o/ bgs2 yg beradab 2) Yg terluka & sakit hrs dikumpulkan & dirawat

Sebuah badan kemanusiaan yg tdk berpihak, spt ICRC dpt menawarkan jasa2nya kpd pihak2 yg berkonflik Pihak2 yg berkonflik selanjutnya hrs berusaha u/ mjlnkan dg persetujuan2 khusus, semua atau sebagian dr ketentuan lainnya dlm konvensi ini. Aplikasi ketentuan2 tsb di atas tdk akan mempengaruhi status hukum dr pihak2 yg terlibat dlm konflik

PERLINDUNGAN UMUM THD TP: TGG-JWB ATAS TP TERLETAK PD NGR PENAWAN, BUKAN DITANGAN ORG/PASUKAN PENAWAN PERLAKUAN MANUSIAWI & TDK DISKRIMINATIF TDK BOLEH MJD OBYEK MUTILASI OR EKSPERIMEN PENGOBATAN DILINDUNGI DR TINDAKAN KEKERASAN, INTIMIDASI, PENGHINAAN & DARI TONTONAN PUBLIK PRIBADI TP HRS DIHORMATI MEMPEROLEH PERLENGKAPAN & PENGOBATAN YG DIPERLUKAN SEGALA HAK & STATUS TDK DPT DICABUT

Orang2 yg dpt dikategorikan sbg Tawanan Perang: AGT AB PIHAK2 YG BERSENGKETA, TMSK MILISI & KORPS SUKARELA YG MJD BAGIAN DARI AB AGT GERAKAN PERLAWANAN YG TERORGANISIR DG SYARAT: DIPIMPIN O/ SESEORANG YG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB MEMILIKI TANDA PEMBEDA YG TETAP & DAPAT TERLIHAT DR KEJAUHAN MEMBAWA SENJATA SCR TERANG2AN DLM MELAKSANAKAN OPS MIL PATUH THD HKM & KEBIASAAN PERANG

AGT AB REGULER YG MENGABDI KPD PEMERINTAH ATAU PENGUASA YG TDK DIAKUI O/ NEGARA PENAWAN ORG2 SIPIL YG MENYERTAI PASUKAN BERSENJATA YG DILENGKAPI DG SURAT PERINTAH & TANDA PENGENAL AWAK PESAWAT & KAPAL DAGANG PARA PIHAK YG KURANG DIUNTUNGKAN O/ KETENTUAN HKM INT’L LAINNYA PENDUDUK WILAYAH YG BUKAN WILYH PENDUDUKAN YG MELAKUKAN PERLAWANAN SCR SPONTAN THD MUSUH YG MENDEKAT PD WKT MELAKUKAN INVASI

ORG2 YG TDK BERHAK ATAS STATUS TAWANAN PERANG: MATA2 OR SPIONASE (art.29 HL 1907, art.46 AP I/1977) TENTARA BAYARAN OR MERCENARIES (art.47 AP I/1977)

Protection of Civilians Definition of civilians: Any person who does not take direct part in the hostilities Persons Entitled to Protection under IHL IACs: different categories of "protected persons" wounded, sick and shipwrecked medical and religious personnel prisoners of war civilians in the power of the enemy NIACs: "persons taking no active part in the hostilities" (Common Art. 3); "all persons who do not take a direct part or who have ceased to take part in hostilities" (Art 4.1, AP II)

Protection of the Civilian Population: IACs General protection against certain consequences of war afforded to entire populations of countries in conflict (Arts. 13 – 26, GC IV) establishment of hospital and safety zones as well as neutralized zones protection of hospitals humanitarian assistance family news and separated families Special protection for persons who find themselves in the hands of a party to the conflict or an occupying power of which they are not a national (Art. 4, GC IV) aliens in the territory of a party to the conflict civilians in occupied territory

Protection Against Consequences of War parties can set up hospital and safety zones to protect people from the effects of war (Arts. 14 – 15, GC IV) civilian hospitals must not be attacked (Art. 18, GC IV) parties must allow free passage of relief supplies for certain civilians in need (Art. 23, GC IV); subject to the consent of all parties, humanitarian and impartial relief actions shall be taken (Art. 70, AP I) civilians are entitled to exchange news of a family nature (Art. 25, GC IV); parties must facilitate enquires by dispersed families (Art. 20, GC IV) fundamental guarantees (Art. 75, AP I)

Protection of the Civilian Population: NIACs Persons who do not participate in the hostilities must be treated with humanity (Common Art. 3, GC I – IV; Arts. 4 – 6, AP II) Forced displacement is prohibited unless the security of civilians or imperative military reasons require (Art. 17, AP II) Subject to the state's consent, humanitarian and impartial relief operations shall be undertaken (Art. 18, AP II)

Various Treaties on Weapons These treaties deal with specific weapons Purpose To restrict or limit the use of weapons Are excessively injurious Have an indiscriminate effect Cause unnecessary suffering Have prolonged effects

IHL Principles on Weapons (1) The right of the Parties to the conflict to choose methods and means of warfare is not unlimited. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I Art. 22, 1907 Hague Convention A starting point often referred to in discussions on weapons. An obvious rule. Would seem obvious from the very fact that we have IHL rules. First found expression in current form in Hague Declaration in Art. 22 where it say that "The right of belligerents to adopt means of injuring the enemy is not unlimited. Included and expanded in the 77 Add. Prot. This is the formulation here. Plays an important role in re-affirming existing law and as an explicit counter to the concepts of "total war" and other theories where the necessities of war take precedence over the rules of war.

IHL Principles on Weapons (2) It is prohibited to employ weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I Art. 23, 1907 Hague Convention Another long standing rule of IHL. A general rule applicable to all weapons. What does it mean? Such a prohibition has been part of all of the principal international humanitarian law treaties on weapons. First found expression in the St. Petersburg of 1868. Early formulation of this principle: - The only legitimate object which States should endeavour to accomplish during war is to weaken the military forces of the enemy; - That for this purpose it is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men; - That this object would be exceeded by the employment of arms which uselessly aggravate the sufferings of disabled men, or render their death inevitable; - That the employment of such arms would, therefore, be contrary to the laws of humanity. Hague Conventions: It is forbidden to employ arms, projectiles or material calculated to cause unnecessary suffering. Included in 1977 Add. Protocol I. Discuss phrase calculated to cause vs. of a nature to cause. Not defined by treaty. Look at practice, manuals etc. Many States agree that suffering that serves no military purpose violates the rule. Others point to the need for a balance between military necessity and the expected injury or suffering. Injury / suff. that is disproportionate violates the rule. Injuries limited to those which were more severe than would be necessary to render an adversary hors de combat. That is, it prohibits the application of force beyond what is militarily required. Why the two elements. Covers both physical and mental elements. It is quite clear that the original French maux superflus includes both elements. but there is a difference. More than just the physical injuries themselves or the physical suffering. Also extend to psychological suffering.

IHL Principles on Weapons (3) Parties to a conflict must at all times distinguish between civilians and combatants. Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited. Weapons that are inherently indiscriminate or have indiscriminate effects must not be used. Art. 48 and 51, 1977 Add. Protocol I Distinction is probably the basic rule of IHL. Underlies many of the rules governing the methods of warfare and also the rules on weapons. Surprisingly, early treaties did not explicitly outline such a rule. It finds formal treaty expression for the first time in 1977 Add. Prot. I. It nevertheless, underlies the rules and protections of the Hague Conventions (restrictions on attacking towns and villages that were not defended and respect for certain buildings dedicated to science, charitable purposes etc.) At the time 1907 HC drafted dangers of munitions delivered from afar, artillery, missiles etc. not developed. First and second WWs showed the inadequacy of these norms and highlighted the importance for an explicit affirmation of the principle of distinction. Second part not part of the rule cited in Art. 48. But flows form a reading of that article and Art. 51 entitled Protection of the Civilian Population – which says that the civilian population and individual civilians enjoy a general protection from the dangers arising from military operations. It also prohibits indiscriminate attacks. These include among other things Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited. Indiscriminate attacks are: (a) those which are not directed at a specific military objective; (b) those which employ a method or means of combat which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or (c) those which employ a method or means of combat the effects of which cannot be limited as required by this Protocol; and consequently, in each such case, are of a nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction. 5. Among others, the following types of attacks are to be considered as indiscriminate: (a) an attack by bombardment by any methods or means which treats as a single military objective a number of clearly separated and distinct military objectives located in a city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects; and (b) an attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.

IHL Principles on Weapons (4) It is prohibited to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended or may be expected to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I One of the developments of the 1977 Add. Protocol. Not a rule that has been often invoked thus far in the discussions on weapons, in particular weapons but is nevertheless important to be aware of. To protect the natural environment in and of itself from the effects of warfare. Developed in response to concerns about the growing capacity to use weapons against the environment. Concerns that widespread, long term and severe damage to the natural environment is a major interference with human life or natural resources which considerably exceeds the battlefield damage expected in war. Things beyond the normal expected collateral damage of war. Damage is covered only if it affects large areas, lasts for long periods, and causes severe damage to the natural environment. Not the case with most conventional warfare or the impact of conventional weapons. Complementary to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD Convention).

1977 Additional Protocol I Article 36 In the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon or method of warfare, States Parties have an obligation to determine whether its use would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by Add. Protocol I or by any other rule of international law.

PROHIBITED OR RESTRICTED METHODS OF WARFARE Prohibition of Perfidy No misuse of the emblems No attacks on protected persons No attacks on civilian objects Protection of cultural property Protection of the environment Ban on terrorizing civilian population Protection of dangerous installations