Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi

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Transcript presentasi:

Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi Konsep Dasar Ekonomi

Menu Kegiatan Pelaku Prinsip Motif Metode Ekonomi

Preassumption of Economics human wants are unlimited but resources are not

Three Basic Questions Figure 2.1 illustrates three basic questions that must be answered to understand the functioning of the economic system: What gets produced? How is it produced? Who gets what is produced?

Kegiatan Ekonomi Setiap langkah yang dilakukan dalam perekonomian yang bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan Terdiri dari : Produksi, Distribusi dan Konsumsi

Produksi Setiap Tindakan untuk menambah kegunaan (utility) suatu benda agar lebih bermanfaat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan Faktor Produksi Asli : Sumber daya alam dan sumber daya manusia Faktor Produksi turunan : modal dan keahlian

Distribusi Kegiatan menyalurkan barang dari produsen ke konsumen

JENIS SALURAN DISTRIBUSI Distribsusi langsung dari Produk-produk konsumsi Produsen Pemakai 2. Saluran 2 : Distribusi Eceran dari produk-produk konsumsi Produsen Pengecer Konsumen

JENIS SALURAN DISTRIBUSI Distribusi Grosir dari produk-produk konsumsi Produsen Grosir Pengecer Konsumen 4. Saluran 4 : Distribusi melalui Agen Penjualan atau Broker Produsen Agen/Broker Grosir Pengecer Konsumen

Konsumsi Kegiatan yang bertujuan mengurangi atau menghabiskan guna atau manfaat suatu benda/jasa Bagaimana seseorang melakukan konsumsi dalam banyak hal tergantung dari pendapatannya

Pelaku Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Keluarga : unit ekonomi terkecil Rumah Tangga Produsen : Perusahaan negara & swasta Pemerintah : Pasal 33 ayat 2 dan 3 UUD 1945 Masyarakat Luar Negeri : Export & Import

Prinsip Ekonomi Menekankan pada pencapaian satu tujuan tertentu dengan pengorbanan sekecil mungkin Prinsip ini menjadi pedoman setiap pelaku ekonomi dalam melakukan kegiatan ekonomi 10 Prinsip Ekonomi dari Gregory Mankiw 12 Prinsip Ekonomi dari Paul Krugman dan Robin Wells

10 Prinsip Ekonomi

12 Prinisp Ekonomi Principle #1: Choices Are Necessary Because Resources Are Scarce Principle #2: The True Cost of Something Is Its Opportunity Cost Principle #3: “How Much” Is a Decision at the Margin Principle #4: People Usually Respond to Incentives, Exploiting Opportunities to Make Themselves Better Off Principle #5: There Are Gains from Trade Principle #6: Markets Move Toward Equilibrium Principle #7: Resources Should Be Used Efficiently to Achieve Society’s Goals Principle #8: Markets Usually Lead to Efficiency Principle #9: When Markets Don’t Achieve Efficiency, Government Intervention Can Improve Society’s Welfare Principle #10: One Person’s Spending Is Another Person’s Income Principle #11: Overall Spending Sometimes Gets Out of Line with the Economy’s Productive Capacity Principle #12: Government Policies Can Change Spending

Motif Ekonomi A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to drive the person to act. Motif = dorongan untuk melakukan/tidak melakukan sesuatu Motif seseorang dalam melakukan kegiatan ekonomi tertentu Apa motif Anda untuk kuliah???

Jenis-jenis Motif Ekonomi Memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan meningkatkan kemakmuran Memperluas usaha Mendapat penghargaan dari lingkungan sekitar Ingin berkuasa di bidang ekonomi Ingin membantu sesama

Metode Ekonomi Economics asks and attempts to answer two kinds of questions: positive and normative POSITIVE ECONOMICS Apa yang terjadi Apa yang telah terjadi bersifat deskriptif, membahas bagaimana komoditi diproduksi, didistribusi, dikonsumsi dlm keterbatasan sumber daya claims that attempt to describe the world as it is (Mankiw,2003) NORMATIVE ECONOMICS/ POLICY ECONOMICS Apa yang seharusnya terjadi  norma-norma/ standar bersifat preskriptif, mempelajari bgmn menentukan yg seharusnya claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be

Metode Ekonomi Positive economics is often divided into descriptive economics and economic theory. Descriptive economics is simply the compilation of data that describe phenomena and facts. An economic theory is a statement or set of related statements about cause and effect, action and reaction

Economic Policy Economic theory helps us understand how the world works, but the formulation of economic policy requires a second step. We must have objectives.What do we want to change? Why? What is good and what is bad about the way the system is operating? Can we make it better?

Economic Policy Such questions force us to be specific about the grounds for judging one outcome superior to another. What does it mean to be better? Four criteria are frequently applied in judging economic outcomes: 1. Efficiency 2. Equity 3. Growth 4. Stability