SCIENTIFIC & NON SCIENTIFIC THINKING Presented by: Anik Matu Rosidah Mirna Mandela Siti Munawati Siti Nurhapipah

What is scientific method ? Scientific method is a mechanism or a way to get knowledge by procedures based on a logical structure that consists of work phases:  disebut daur logico-hypothetico-verifikatif There is an objective need Problems formulation Collecting theory Hypothesis formulation Collecting data/information/fact Data analysis Inferences/Drawing conclusion

In other words... Scientific Method is... Procedures or how to find something that has a systematic steps and use logical way of thinking.

Scientific Thinking means thinking rationally and empirically to obtain a truth and knowledge.

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD PERUMUSAN MASALAH PENYUSUNAN KERANGKA BERFIKIR PERUMUSAN HIPOTESIS PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS PENARIKAN KESIMPULAN

Charasteristic of scientific thinking Objective Rational / logical Open Always oriented to the truth

THE MINDSET OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD INDUCTIVE Drawning conclusions from specific to general. DEDUCTIVE Drawning conclusion from general to specific.

Example Inductive : Plant will die. (specific) Animal will die. (specific) Human will die. (specific) Conclusion : All of living beings will die. (general) Deductive : All of humans will die. (general) Aris is a human. (specific) Conclusion : Aris will die. (specific)

Non Scientific Approach When, why and how do ……... we do the research ... ? problem curiosity Non Scientific Method Solution Non Scientific Approach Looking for answer Scientific Approach Science Solution Scientific Method Research

Example : “Rico got stomachache for a week” Pendekatan Ilmiah : Cari data di lapangan Rico makan apa ? Periksa ke dokter Tes laboratorium Pengobatan Kesimpulan : Rico Keracunan Pendekatan Non Ilmiah : Pergi ke dukun Penyembuhan Kesimpulan : Rico kena guna-guna dari temen/musuhnya

NON SCIENTIFIC THINKING Accepting a claim without any critical review Accepting a claim in the absence evidence or even in the face of contradictory evidence Accepting non-empirical evidence (hearsay)

What difference ? Pendekatan Ilmiah : Perumusan masalah jelas dan spesifik Masalah merupakan hal yang dapat diamati dan diukur secara empiris Jawaban permasalahan didasarkan pada data Proses pengumpulan dan analisis data, serta pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan logika yang benar Kesimpulan siap/terbuka untuk diuji oleh orang lain Contoh : Penggunaan Metode Ilmiah What difference ? Pendekatan Non Ilmiah : Perumusan kabur atau abstrak Masalah tidak selalu diukur secara empiris dan dapat bersifat supranatural/dogmatis Jawaban tidak diperoleh dari hasil pengamatan data di lapangan Keputusan tidak didasarkan pada hasil pengumpulan dan analisis data secara logis Kesimpulan tidak dibuat untuk diuji ulang oleh orang lain Contoh : Penggunaan akal sehat, prasangka, intuisi, penemuan secara kebetulan dan coba-coba, pendapat otoritas ilmiah dan pikiran kritis

Science Discovery through Non Scientific Approach obtained in 3 ways: Prejudice Draw conclusions with prejudice is not based on logical reasoning. Intuition An activity that is not analytical thinking, not based on a specific thought. Opinions that based on intuition come from previous knowledge. Trial and Error Is a way to acquire knowledge by trial and error or chancy. The process for obtaining knowledge by trial and error takes a long time until it is an inefficient when used to search for the truth.

Metode Ilmiah dan Non-Ilmiah Aspek Non-Ilmiah Ilmiah Pendekatan thd masalah Intuitif Empiris Konsep/teori Ambigu Jelas, operasional, sepsifik Hipotesis Tidak dapat dibuktikan Dapat dibuktikan Observasi gejala Tidak terkontrol, seadanya Sistematis, terkontrol Alat ukur Tidak akurat, tidak tepat, tidak sesuai Akurat, tepat, sesuai Pengukuran Tidak valid, tidak reliabel Valid, reliabel Kontrol Tidak ada Selalu dilakukan Pelaporan hasil penelitian Bias, subjektif Tidak bias, objektif Sikap peneliti Tidak kritis, menerima apa adanya Kritis, skeptis, mencari bukti Penyimpulan terhadap hubungan antar variabel Menghubungkan dua kejadian tanpa pengujian Mencari hubungan antar variabel secara sistematis Sifat peneltian Tidak dapat diulang Dapat diulang

COMPONENTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE (IPA) Natural Sciences as a scientific product Natural Sciences as a scientific process Natural Sciences as a scientific attitude

Natural Sciences as a scientific process Through scientific processes will be obtained scientific findings. Science process skills are skills that are conducted by scientists (Srini M. Alexander, 1997: 5).

Natural Sciences as a scientific product Maslichah Ash'ari (2006: 8) argues that science as a product is a set of knowledge that are arranged in the form of facts, concepts, principles, laws and theories.

In the process of science required a wide range of skills, among other skills: Viewing/Observation Classifying / classification Measuring Communicating Interpreting Predicting Using the tool Experimenting Summing

Natural Sciences as a scientific attitude Objective Do not hastily conclude if not enough data to support that conclusion. Be open Caution High curiosity Do not interfuse facts with opinions

CONCLUSION Natural science (IPA) is obtained through scientific method. Not all knowledge can be called a science, because a knowledge can be called a science if it fulfills these requirements: Logical Objective Methodology Systematic Universal Cumulative