Properti, ruang budaya-sosial-politik, dan bencana alam

Lahan sebagai Media Aktifitas Kehidupan Sudut pandang Kepentingan Makro Geo-Ekonomi Land Policy Struktur Kota/Daerah Land Use Planning Pendekatan Kapitalis VS SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT Struktur Tata Ruang Pendekatan Sosialis Sudut pandang Kepentingan Mikro Geo-Pemasaran Lokasi Usaha Kawasan Industri Lokasi tempat tinggal Pendekatan Spiritual (Henri George)

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF GOODS Four Types of Goods Rival? Low High Private Goods Collective Good High Contoh: barang-barang konsumtif Contoh: jalan tol Excludable? Public Goods Common Goods Low Contoh: sumberdaya air, sekolah dasar Contoh: taman publik, udara

“Public vs Private” yang semakin kompleks karena variasi status kepemilikan dan pemanfaatan “The essence of the legal structure of resource ownership is the division of the earth into segments….and then (it is up to) each owner within his own fenced enclave to exploit the resource to his maximum benefits” (Sax, 1983) Esensi: Realita: (Luxton, 2003)

Spatial Plan, Land Use Plan, Forestry Zoning Plan Inter-relation-1 Spatial dimension Complexity level Objects High (involving all level of gov. authority & all other stakeholders) Land, water, air Total Ecosystem Spatial Plan Medium (NLA/ BPN and dedicated bodies or public) Mainly Land Ecosystem Land Land Use Plan Low (MoF and dedicated Forest stakeholders) Land-forest only Mainly Forest Ecosystem Forestry Zoning Plan NLA: National Land Agency

The Dynamic of Environmental Politics Discourse in Indonesia; in the context of Forestry Management Level of consistency towards Landreform definition Before Suharto Regime (1960-65) Suharto Regime (1966-98) After Suharto Regime (1999-04) SBY Regime (2005- present) Deforestation rate (million ha/year) (high) 3 2 Local Autonomous Law no. 24/1999 1 (Decentralization) Milestone of change (low) Basic Agrarian Law no. 5/1960 Forestry Law no.5/ 1967 Forestry Law no.41/ 1999 Gov. Regulation no. 2/2008 NLA established – Presidential decree no. 26/1988 (Landreform declared) (Centralizing Forest Management) (Reaffirmed centralization) (Forest Land for non-forest usage)

Rapid Land Use Change Remain High Pertumbuhan perkotaan: build up areas meluas (ekspansi) urban sprawl di sekitar kota lahan pedesaan dan pertanian berkurang perubahan sistem ekologis – hidrologis  mulai timbul banjir dan longsor Rapid land use change in Jakarta 1901 Perkembangan isu kehutanan di Kalimantan: “Minyak Hijau” Deforestrasi – produksi kayu Penebang Liar Reforestrasi: Reboisasi, HoB Deforestrasi – pembukaan kawasan tambang dan perkebunan (sawit) REDD/REDD+ (pengurangan emisi deforestasi degradasi)  Mulai timbul longsor dan banjir 2050 Forest Land

Kejadian Alam, Bencana Alam dan Properti memunculkan potensi sumber daya alam baru (penemuan baru) merubah struktur morfologi menimbulkan luasan lahan baru menghilangkan luasan lahan merubah status kepemilikan dan nilai lahan Aceh sesudah Tsunami Lumpur Lapindo - Sidoarjo Aceh sebelum Tsunami

Contoh Keterkaitan Struktur, Pertumbuhan dan Kebijakan Perkotaan

Bagaimana Penggunaan Tanah, Kepemilikan, dan pembangunan membentuk struktur serta karakteristik kota? Kebijakan Pertanahan (Land policy): Dapat mengendalikan pembangunan, baik dalam hal membentuk pola penggunaan tanah atau memastikan keadilan pemanfaatan dan pendistribusiannya (pemanfaatan tadi) Dipengaruhi dan mempengaruhi kebijakan pembangunan, misalnya kebijakan menjadikan Jakarta sebagai kota internasional, nasional, dan daerah (RTRW DKI Jakarta 2030)

Pemangku-kepentingan (Stakeholders): pemiliki tanah, dan pengembang Redevelopment dan Renewal (pembaharuan) Adanya permintaan (demand ) Tergantung tingkat sensitifitas kepemilikan publik (semakin tinggi semakin mudah untuk membangun kepentingan publik dan sebaliknya) Tergantung tingkat kekakuan hukum zonasi, peraturan penggunaan tanah Proses pembangunan: Proses dan tekanan pembangunan Kelayakan pembangunan Implementasi (pelaksanaan)

Constraints and the Development Process Key Players, Expected Results

Landowner Characteristics Legal personality (individual, company, public body) Occupancy status (owner-occupied, landlord, etc) Sources of income/wealth Family/personal characteristics (age, successor, etc.) Means of acquisition (inheritance, purchase, etc) and motive of ownership Knowledge and Attitude to Risk

Site characteristics Size Current use and level of fixed investment location (in relation to existing development, roads, services) Physical characteristics (drainage, topography, etc) Planning status (zoned for development, green belt, etc)

Contextual Factors Land Prices (current market value, state of economy) Taxation policy (capital gains, development gains) Land policy (compensation and betterment, etc) Planning policy (growth or restraint area; decisions on appeal) Expectations of Political change?

Decisions ultimately based on: Financial conditions: if and when the land will be sold Operational conditions: participation of owner in development process Land Management Policy

Reasons for Selling/Developing Land 1. financial gain (sale too good to pass up) 2. Need for CASH 3. Property Obsolescence (too old or expensive to maintain, etc.) Personal (wish to retire or relocate, etc)

Instruments and Techniques of Land Policy Zoning: provisions for land use; associated with urban development plan; may include building and construction standards Taxation: property and site taxation Public v Private Land ownership: varies from full nationalization to private

Land restoration Policies Location, location, location MONEY Middle class resettlement in older urban neighborhoods; displacement dilemma

Spatial Plan, Land Use, and Forest Zoning; an example of Jambi Province

Spatial Plan, Land Use Plan, Forestry Zoning Plan Inter-relation iterative Land Reform “P4T” (managing occupation, ownership, usages, utilization) Outputs: Benefits & Risks Land Use Plan Dev. Plan (long-term & Mid-term (RPJP&RPJM) Spatial Plan (long-term Spatial Plan) Forestry Zoning Plan Land Use Profile Outcomes: Achieved & not-achieved dev. Missions/ objectives iterative Critical Point: Land use Plan as “gatekeeper” development execution

JAMBI PROVINCE Bungo District Sumatera Island Borneo/ Kalimantan Island Java Island Bungo District JAMBI PROVINCE

Spatial Plan 2009 – 2028 Jambi Province Production forest Limited production forest Production forest and public participation Fishery Settlement Plantation Mining Protected areas Protected forest Agriculture Forest and cultural Conservation Recreational areas Rivers and Lakes buffer zones Others

Forestry Zoning Frame (Jambi Province) Protected Forest Production Forest Limited Production Forest Production Forest in cooperation with local community Recreational and Conserve Forest

Bungo District Spatial Plan proposal Proposed Land Use (forest) change 18,476.78 Ha (15.29% of total original Land Forest Cover) Source: Jambi Spatial Plan proposal for 2009-2028