THE CELL Leonardus, S.Si.

TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN Siswa mampu mengategorikan komponen kimiawi sel. Siswa mampu menggambarkan struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan serta memahami ciri-ciri sel hidup dan sel mati. Siswa mampu membandingkan struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan. Siswa mampu mengelompokkan organel sel yang khusus terdapat pada sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan. Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan fungsi masing-masing organel pada sel hewan dan tumbuhan. Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan transpor secara difusi dan osmosis. Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan peristiwa terjadinya plasmolisis atau peristiwa serupa lainnya. Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan mekanisme transpor aktif dan pasif. Siswa mampu menjelaskan perbedaan antara transpor aktif dan transpor pasif. Siswa mampu menjelaskan proses reproduksi sel tubuh secara mitosis Siswa mampu menjelaskan proses sintesis protein pada sel

INTRODUCTION CELL 2) CELL CHEMISTRY COMPOUND 1) WHAT IS CELL? 3) CELL TYPE 1) WHAT IS CELL? 2) CELL CHEMISTRY COMPOUND 3b) EUCARYOTIC PLANT & ANIMAL 3a) PROCARYOTIC DIFFERS PLANT & ANIMAL

1. WHAT IS CELL? Smallest unit which form all living things Smallest unit and functional from all living things Contain genetic material that can inherited It has complicated parts which connecting each other and form the system

How to observe CELL? MICROSCOPE Light microscope: 2000x magnification Electron microscope: 500.000-1.000.000x magnification

CELL Discovery Robert Hooke Robert Brown Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow Louis Pasteur back

2. CELL CHEMISTRY COMPOUND Element, eg. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phospor dan sulfur Compound, eg. Water atom  element  molecule  compound Organic Anorganic

Chemistry compound of cell Protoplasm: contain organic & anorganic compound Organic: Carbohydrate: C, H, O  energy resource Lipid: C, H, O  energy storage Protein: C, H, O, N  cell membrane & organelles former Nucleic acid: contain genetic material (DNA & RNA)

Why water so important for cell function? EVALUATION Mention four main molecules in the living things! Explain the role each of them! Why water so important for cell function? How the relation between element and compound? What if a cell doesn’t ger the amino acid supply and can’t produce it also, what happen to this cell? back

3. CELL TYPE 3a) PROCARYOTIC  has no nuclear membrane eg. bacteria & blue-green algae cell 3b) EUCARYOTIC  has nuclear membrane eg. Plant & animal cell

Differs animal & plant cell Make a group One group contain 5-6 people Assignment: Write on your book the different animal with plant cell! Write all the organelles which present and absent in both cell! Write all the organelles function!

Prokaryotic cell

Animal cell

Plant cell

Different animal & plant cell No. PART OF CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST LYSOSOME VACUOLE PLASMODESMA GLYOXYSOME √ - REGULAR SHAPE food reserves: starch IRREGULAR SHAPE food reserves: fat and glycogen

ORGANELLES FUNCTION

NUCLEUS Contains: chromosome, nucleolus Role: control the cell activity

CYTOPLASM Contain: water, protein, nucleic acid, fatty acid, mineral Role : the place of organelles activity (synthesis, chemical compound storage, package, repackage)

CELL MEMBRANE Semipermeable membrane “Membran mosaic cair” atau fluid mosaic membrane Structured by carbohydrate, lipid & protein (phospholipid, glycolipid, dan glycoprotein) Role: protect, arrange in and out all substance (active & passive transport), reseptor Glycoprotein: proteksi imunologis, pembekuan darah, pengenalan sel-sel, serta interaksi dengan bahan kimia lain Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Rough ER (granular) Smoth ER (agranular) Role: protein collect & transport, lipid synthesis

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 5. Vesicles pulled off from Golgi apparatus carry product/end result as protein and lipid to plasma membrane. This final product is released by exocytosis 4. Proteins and lipids as final products are processed in the lumen modifications enable them to be transported to different targets 3. Vesicles of ER membrane then carries proteins and lipids to Golgi apparatus 2. Lipids are produced in the smooth ER membrane 1. Several polypeptide chains enter the lumen of ER and are processed into proteins SECRETORY ROUTE Several vesicle made from membrane plasm and move to cytoplasm. This endocytic vesicle fuse with membrane or other organelle or keep stay as vesicle storage Another vesicles made by ER membrane and Golgi apparatus can fuse with membrane plasm. Then this exocycitic vesicle released from cell ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM DNA controls the synthesis initial materials for the production of proteins that occurs in cytoplasm

RIBOSOM Small granule stick on ER or everywhere (cytoplasm) Role: protein synthesis

GOLGI APPARATUS Composed of cisternal, tubular, and vesicular The “POST OFFICE” Role: form vesicle for secretion, plasma membrane, cell wall (plant), acrosome, lysosomes http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/tortora/0470565101/hearthis_ill/pap13e_ch03_illustr_audio_mp3_am/simulations/hear/protein_process.html

MITOCHONDRIA A doubled-membrane organelle Cristae (folds  enlarge surface area) Matrix (fill cristae  containing lipids, proteins, DNA, ribosomes) Role: energy production (ATP)

MICRO BODIES Fine small vesicles in the cytoplasm Role: Peroxysome (P&A): H2O2 neutralized, fat into carbohydrate, Glyoxysome (P): change fat into sugar (germination) H2O2 di dlm sel terbentuk dari produk sampingan hasil metabolisme sel

LYSOSOME Contain enzyme lysozim (hydrolitic enzyme) The “CLEANER” Role : intracellular digestion (endocytocis, phagocytosis, autophagus) Endositosis Endositosis ialah pemasukan makromolekul dari luar sel ke dalam sel melalui mekanisme endositosis, yang kemudian materi-materi ini akan dibawa ke vesikel kecil dan tidak beraturan, yang disebut endosom awal. Beberapa materi tersebut dipilah dan ada yang digunakan kembali (dibuang ke sitoplasma), yang tidak dibawa ke endosom lanjut. Di endosom lanjut, materi tersebut bertemu pertama kali dengan enzim hidrolitik. Di dalam endosom awal, pH sekitar 6. Terjadi penurunan pH (5) pada endosom lanjut sehingga terjadi pematangan dan membentuk lisosom. Autofagi Proses autofagi digunakan untuk pembuangan dan degradasi bagian sel sendiri, seperti organel yang tidak berfungsi lagi. Mula-mula, bagian dari retikulum endoplasma kasar menyelubungi organel dan membentuk autofagosom. Setelah itu, autofagosom berfusi dengan enzim hidrolitik dari trans Golgi dan berkembang menjadi lisosom (atau endosom lanjut). Proses ini berguna pada sel hati, transformasi berudu menjadi katak, dan embrio manusia. Fagositosis Fagositosis merupakan proses pemasukan partikel berukuran besar dan mikroorganisme seperti bakteri dan virus ke dalam sel. Pertama, membran akan membungkus partikel atau mikroorganisme dan membentuk fagosom. Kemudian, fagosom akan berfusi dengan enzim hidrolitik dari trans Golgi dan berkembang menjadi lisosom (endosom lanjut). http://www.slideshare.net/ephyyuniar/tugas-2-lisosomperoksisom-glioksisom

CYTOSKELETON Contain 3 main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules Role: provide mechanical strength to the cell, framework of cells, helping the movement of substance from one section to another.

CYTOSKELETON

CENTROSOME Animal cell: present, plant cell: present (no centrioles) Composed of two centrioles contains 9 sets triplet microtubules Role: to form nuclear spindle thread during cell division Sentriol bfungsi mbantu proses pembelahan sel hewan yg bentuknya tidak tetap dikarenakan bentuk sel tumbuhan tetap dan pmbelahan dengan maka tdk perlu sentriol

CELL WALL Contain polysaccharide (cellulose, hemicellulose & pectin) and glycoprotein Node , plasmodesma Role: support, shaper, protection, turgidity Pektin: pd tumb muda bbtk gel, semakin lama akan mengeras

PLASTIDS Contains pigmen or as a storage Kinds: chloroplast, chromoplast, leukoplast, amilopast http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid

VACUOLE Unicellular animals have 2 kinds of vacuole: Contractile vacuole  osmoregulator Non-contractile vacuole  digest food Large round shape filled with fluid Surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast) Role: water, mineral storage, disposal for secondary metabolites, stores toxic (defense mechanism)

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT MEMBRANE MECHANISM Selectively permeable Select all the substances that in to and out from the cell Two kinds the transport mechanism: passive transport and active transport

MOVEMENT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE CELL TRANSPORT TYPE passive active Osmosis Endocytosis Diffusion Exocytosis Sodium-Potassium pump Facilitated diffusion Osmosis: perpindahan air dari larutan dgn konst air lbh tinggi ke larutan dgn konst air lbh rendah

ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT Transport that follows the flow of solution concentration difference, from high to low concentration. No need energy. Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport: Transport against concentration gradient, from high to low concentration. Requires ATP energy. Includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and the sodium-potassium pump back

DIFFUSION Movement of molecules from high to low concentration For example, sprayed air freshener into the room after a long time the smell will spread How does the process of diffusion in the cell? For example, one-celled organisms in the water requires oxygen, so the oxygen in the water diffuses into the cell, because the concentration of oxygen in water is higher than in the cells

DIFFUSION Movement of particles from regions of higher chemical potential to places with lower chemical potential due to its kinetic energy alone until there is a dynamic equilibrium

DIFFUSION Cell membrane Outside cell Inside cell

DIFFUSION Cell membrane diffusion Outside cell Inside cell

DIFFUSION Cell membrane Outside cell Inside cell EQUILIBRIUM back

DIFFUSION Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes Oxygen – Non-polar so diffuses very quickly. Carbon dioxide – Polar but very small so diffuses quickly. Water – Polar but also very small so diffuses quickly.

OSMOSIS The process of displacement of water molecules from areas of high water concentration through the cell membrane into areas of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. (hypotonic  hypertonic)

OSMOSIS

Osmosis CONCENTRATED SOLUTION DILUTE SOLUTION Cell membrane partially permeable. Sugar molecule VERY Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential. VERY High conc. of water molecules. High water potential. Outside cell Inside cell

Osmosis Cell membrane partially permeable. Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential. OSMOSIS High conc. of water molecules. High water potential. Outside cell Inside cell

AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport Osmosis Cell membrane partially permeable. OSMOSIS Outside cell Inside cell EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side. Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net movement of water AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport back

FACILITATED DIFFUSION involves several types of protein in transfer process molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient reflecting its diffusive nature For example, during the process of transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the blood vessels of the small intestine.

ENDOCYTOSIS An energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them.

EXOCYTOSIS The substances secretion process from the cells out of the cell. For example, the expenditure of the substance in the cells of the glandular secretion events.

EXOCYTOSIS

EXOCYTOSIS

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP K+ ions essential for maintaining the electrical activity in nerve cells and stimulate the active transport of other substances K+ ions and Na+ required for the cell activity Needs of high-K+, so it is necessary ion influx into the cell, and spending Na+ out of the cell K+ concentration is high outside the cell instead low in cell so that need energy to move K+ into the cell. The concentration of Na+ is high outside the cell instead low in cell. Thus Na+ need energy to move out of the cell.

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP