PENGENALAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Materi 12: Internet, Perkembangan Internet

Revolusi Internet Kronologi Pakar Pelopor Pengetahuan Dasar Internet & Masyarakat Penggunaan Internet

a. Kronologi :Periode Awal 1957, USSR meluncurkan Sputnik, satelit bumi buatan pertama. USA mendirikan Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) dalam DoD. Jul-61, First Paper on Packet Switching Theory, Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.” 1962, RAND Paul Baran, RAND Corporation (agen pemerintah) diberi kekuasaan oleh USAF untuk studi pengelolaan command and control pada misil dan bomber, setelah serangan nuklir. Tulisan yang dihasilkannya packet switched network.

Agu-62, First Paper on Internet Concept by J. C. R Agu-62, First Paper on Internet Concept by J.C.R. Licklider & Welden Clark, "On-Line Man Computer Communication". 1964, Communication Nets by Leonard Kleinrock provides the network design and queuing theory necessary to build packet networks. [buku] Mar-64 First Paper on Secure Packetized Voice, Paul Baran, "On Distributed Communications Networks", IEEE Transactions on Systems. Okt-65, First Actual Network Experiment, incoln Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32, Lawrence Roberts, MIT Lincoln Labs

Okt-66, First Paper on Network Experiments, Thomas Marill & Lawrence Roberts, "Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf. Okt-67, Original ARPANET Design Paper, Lawrence Roberts, " Multiple Computer Networks and intercomputer Communication ", ACM Gatlinberg onf. Agu-68, Request For Proposals released for RPANET by Lawrence Roberts, ARPA. The RFP mandated the main packet switching design elements for the ARPANET. Des-68, BBN (Bolt-Beranek-Newman) build the ARPANET Interface Message Processors (IMP’s)Page 5

Periode Lanjut Oct-72, First APRANET Public Demonstration at ICCC in Washington organized by Robert Kahn of BBN May-73, First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC designed by Robert Metcalfe May-74, First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a paper by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf Jul-75, ARPANET Transferred to DCA, the Defense Communications Agency. Oct-77, First TCP Operation over ARPANET, Packet Radio Net, and SATNET (the satellite network) Nov-77, Complete Email Specification ( RFC 733) released by two Email pioneers, Dave Crocker and John Vittal.

Mar-78, TCP Split into TCP and IP, where TCP was the endto-end process and IP was the network routing process by Vint Cerf, Jon Postel, and Danny Cohen. Nov-83, Domain Name System (DNS) Designed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge to support the Email addressing space, creating .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, & .int. 1986, First Interop Conference organized by Dan Lynch. 1989, Internet opened to commercial mail through MCI Mail 1991, NSF Opens Internet to commercial use. 2001 - Finally the Internet gets Quality of Service (QOS) with guaranteed rate service for voice and video

Pelopor internet Leonard Kleinrock Packet Switching Theory, paper, 1961 Communication Nets, book, 1964 Network Measurement Center at UCLA, ARPANET measurement, 1968 J.C.R. Licklider On-Line Man Computer Communication (internet concept), paper, 1962 ARPA Computer Program, 1962 First ARPA IPTO Director, 1962

Lawrence Roberts First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32 [MIT], 1965 ARPA Communications Program, 1966 ARPA IPTO Chief Scientist and begins the design of the APRANET, 1966 Original ARPANET Design Paper, 1967 Request For Proposals released for ARPANET, 1968 Fourth Director of ARPA IPTO, 1969 Packet Satellite Technique, 1971 First Email Management Program, 1972

Steve Crocker Request For Comments (RFC) #1, Host Software tulisan Steve Crocker mencakupHost-to-Host protocol, the first output of the Network Working Group. Ray Tomlinson First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and READMAIL. Jon Postel FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354) Domain Name System. Robert Metcalfe First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a paper

Pengertian : [Computer] Network (terminal, komputer, server, sistem-lain) : yang saling terhubung sehingga mempermudah aliran data dan saling memakai resources. Kategori jaringan komputer : • LAN (local area network) / MAN (metropolitan AN) / WAN (wide AN) / VLAN (virtual LAN)/ VPN (virtual private network) / SAN (Storage AN, dedicated LAN/WAN untuk mass data storage and retrieval /System AN, high- performance & high-speed LAN dengan konfigurasi cluster) / CAN (Cluster / Controller AN) • Internet / Intranet / Extranet

LAN (local area network): network yang memakai bersama sebuah atau/beberapa server disatu lokasi[kantor/gedung] yang membangun inter-office system MAN > LAN < WAN memakai dedicated / high performance hardware. WAN (wide area network) LANs yang saling terhubung dalam area luas Internet = WAN, extranet = WAN. perangkat beragam & mahal dibanding LAN. Teknologi pengembangan WAN: SONET, frame relay, dan ATM.

Pengertian : Internet Sistem informasi global yang: Secara logikal saling terhubung oleh sebuah ruang adres unik global berbasis Internet rotocol (IP) atau ekstensi-nya; mampu menunjang komunikasi berbasis Transmission Control Protocol/Internet. Protocol (TCP/IP) atau ekstensi-nya, dan/atau protokol lain yang IP-compatible; dan dapat diakses, publicly atau privately.

(jaringan komputer) di mana situs-situs akademik, pemerintah, komersil, dan organisasi lain dapat melakukan: komunikasi langsung (e-mail, chat) konferensi online (Usenet News, e-mail discussion lists) akses sumber informasi terdistribusi (World Wide Web, Gopher) remote login dan file transfer (telnet, ftp), dan lainnya.

Berbasis sekumpulan protocols baku, komputer yang tersambung memiliki domain name system (DNS) dan adres IP sendiri.

Pengertian : Intranet LAN yang diimplementasi teknologi WWW; atau Private Internet: Private network enterprise, LAN saling terhubung & bisa terhubung pada WAN / internet melalui gateway. Para pegawai dapat memakai bersama informasi dan fasilitas komputasi, juga memfasilitasi working groups dan teleconferences. Implementasi TCP/IP, HTTP, dan IP lainnya. Pemakai dapat mengakses [Global / Public] Internet melalui firewall servers yang menyaring informasi yang mengancam company security.

Pengertian : Extranet Private network menggunakan IP & telecommunikasi publik untuk kerjasama bisnis dengan suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, lainnya. Dapat dipandang sebagai company's intranet yang diperluas untuk melayani pemakai mitra perusahaan.

Perlu keamanan dan privasi, menerapkan firewall server management: user authentication encryption of messages use of virtual private networks (VPN) that tunnel through the public network.

Operasional Extranet Bertukar data volume besar dengan Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) / XML Berbagi katalog produk Berkolaborasi & bekerjasama dalam berbagai aktifitas bisnis Mengembangkan program pelatihan bersama Pelayanan oleh satu perusahaan bagi sekelompok perusahaan lain, misal online banking yang dikelola sebuah bank untuk bank-bank lain yang berafiliasi Berbagi berita yang menarik antar perusahaan

Dampak Internet dalam Masyarakat : Akses sangat mudah, perolehan info relatif murah & banyak. Integrasi informasi, komunikasi, dan hiburan [+audio, video, multimedia] makin mempermudah penyampaian segala jenis pengajaran. Kebudayaan yang baik sangat mudah berpengaruh bila tanpa filter, pengaruh info negatif pada generasi muda > TV/radio. Agar info positif > negatif, peranan artist, scientist, & engineer sangat penting.

Komunitas Global Komunikasi tak dibatasi wilayah / kebangsaan / waktu Segala jenis data/info tersedia di berbagai jenis situs Berbagi kerja dan berkolaborasi mudah ilakukan oleh setiap individu dalam satu atau berbeda instansi / organisasi dalam satu atau berbeda bidang/minat.

Tersedia Shareware, Public Domain, Freely Copyable software programs yang dapay di-download Libraries, stores, and news groups untuk mencari tools atau informasi lainnya.

Penggunaan Internet : Pengadresan Domain : kategori hirarki organisasi abstrak ke mana sebuah komputer/ situs / jaringan terdaftar, di mana top level: • com : perusahaan komersil • edu : institusi pendidian • gov : situs pemerintah • net : infrastruktur jaringan • org : organisasi non-komersil • us : situs di USA • id : situs di Indonesia Di bawah domain dapat tercantum banyak sub

Fasilitas Forum ~ electronic public meeting place untuk diskusi terbuka: Message-based Communications, one-to-many Electronic mail, one-to-one atau one-to-many Newsgroup, electronic bulletin board system created originally by the Unix community, misal Usenet News yang membahas banyak topik secara herarki [comp =komputer, rec rekreasi, soc = sosial, sci = sains, dll. Bulletin Board System (BBS), a computer + associated software, typically providing electronic messaging services, archives of files, and any other services or activities of interest to the BBS’s operator

Real-Time Communications ~ komunikasi di mana delay (net-lag) yang terjadi seminim mungkin, berbasis teks di mana tiap user memiliki special regions pada monitor [wilayah pengiriman dan penerimaan] Internet Relay Chat (IRC, WebChat), text- based mechanism communication with multiple participants. Multicasting, technical term that means that you can send pieces of data (packets), to multiple sites simultaneously. MUD [Multi-User Dungeon], an interactive game vironment where both real other players and virtual other players exist and with whom you can communicate to share ideas, solve puzzles, etc.

MUD, Dungeon ~ dungeon-like environment where evil goblins, demons, and other bad-guys are wandering around ready to kill Audio Video Conferencing, [teachers - students, doctors -patients, artists - audience] contoh CUSeeMe [Macintosh and Windows users with an Internet connection and a desktop camera to see, hear and speak with other CU-SeeMe users across the world; this program was developed at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, USA and is freely available.]

Archive [Webster's] a place where public records, documents, etc. are kept a place where material having documentary interest, as private papers, institutional records, memorabilia, or photographs, is kept. Internet’s Archives are pretty much ~ exact same thing.

Searching memakai search engine a program usually living on a remote computer that spends its time downloading information from other computers and building an index of what lives where [nickname = Web Crawler].

Contoh search engine Yahoo - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities http://www.yahoo.com/ DejaNews - USENET (news groups) search engine http://www.dejanews.com/ WebCrawler - http://query.webcrawler.com/ Lycos - http://www.lycos.com/ AltaVista - WWW and USENET search engine http://www.altavista.digital.com/ Magellan - Index of reviewed and rated Internet sites, with search capabilities http://www.mckinley.com/ Google - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities http://www.google.com/

World Wide Web ~ Web ~ subset of the computers di Internet visualisasi Web sebagai rak giant magazine stand with a vast web of strings connecting various words pictures and ideas. organisasi Web tidak hirarkis, Web is broken up into a large set of pages (Web Pages), informasi dihubungkan dengan hypertext links. klik pada highlighted word / picture to call up a page of related information

Cara Akses internet : Akses Internet ~ receiving, downloading, and viewing files, menggunakan same tools (SW&HW) needed to create files and make them available on the Internet; memerlukan dukungan: Internet Service Providers HW + SW + modem Web browser SW anti virus Perangkat akses multimedia: sound card + speakers, CD-ROM player, midi equip., video equip., printer

Tahapan Pengembangan Situs Pembuatan & pendaftaran Kreasi isi : Getting help [lewat: Forum, BBS, Chat, dll.] Format file: public domain, proprietary, dll. Kreasi dokumen text & hyper text Kreasi citra grafik & animasi [format: bitmap, vector, video] Kreasi digital audio, suara & musik Publikasi Issues & Chalenges Security, viruses, standard disclaimer & copyrights & intellectual property (copyright, trademark, privacy, advicing), cryptography, netiquette.