Proses Sedimentasi pada Lingkungan Estuari

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Proses Sedimentasi pada Lingkungan Estuari Erosi dan Deposisi Sedimen Halus 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Sedimen di Estuari Estuari mencakup Muara sungai Rawa-rawa di muara sungai Teluk Definisi: Pengaruh aliran sungai dan pasang surut Pengaruh air tawar dan air asin 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Keadaan di lingkungan estuari Angkutan oleh aliran tidak satu arah, bisa dua arah (bolak-balik) Perubahan gerakan periodik aliran yang ditentukan oleh periode pasang-surut karena bisa lebih dominan dari pada hidrograf banjir Adanya pengaruh pertemuan air tawar dan air asin yang mempengaruhi proses sedimentasi 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Tiga Proses Deposisi/ pengendapan yang dipengaruhi oleh proses flokulasi Konsolidasi sedimen yang mengendap. Gaya berat sedimen flok menekan air keluar sehingga rapat masa berangsur-angsur meningkat Erosi pada saat aliran air meningkat lagi (karena pengaruh pasang-surut) 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Sedimen Halus / Fine Sediment Lolos saringan #200 atau diameter kurang dari 60 mikrometer (0.06 mm) Proses dipengaruhi sifat fisika dan kimia Flokulasi 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Skema Proses aliran melambat aliran meningkat turbulensi rendah tinggi flokulasi pengendapan resuspensi endapan cair erosi endapan konsolidasi endapan cair endapan baru endapan lama 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Proses Pengendapan Mulai mengendap Critical shear stress for deposition besarnya sekitar 0.06 N/m2 Kecepatan endap Bila tegangan geser dasar lebih rendah dari nilai kritis untuk deposisi maka butiran sedimen mulai mengendap Proses flokulasi tergantung konsentrasi 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan endap Kecepatan endap (w) lebih ditentukan oleh konsentrasi sedimen Kecepatan endap diwakili oleh w50 Laju pengendapan pada air diam dm/dt = - c w50 m: massa per unit luas dalam dt c: konsentrasi sedimen Dari data empiris kecepatan endap: w50 = 1.0 c1.0 [w50(mm/d), c(g/l)] Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Krone, 1962 w: kecepatan endap (m/d) c: konsentrasi sedimen (g/l) K: koefisien impiris bervariasi tergantung jenis sedimen, nilainya sekitar 0.001 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. hindered settling Thorn (1981) structural flocculation 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Cole dan Miles, 1983 w: kecepatan endap (m/d) c: konsentrasi sedimen (g/l) K: koefisien impiris bervariasi tergantung jenis sedimen, nilainya sekitar 0.001 – 0.002 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Van Leursen, 1994 (untuk konsentrasi rendah) n, a dan b: koefisien empiris G: parameter disipasi e: laju disipasi enerji turbulensi n : kekentalan kinematik molekuler 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Intensitas Turbulensi Nezu dan Nakagawa, 1994 Aliran terbuka permanen seragam: u*: kecepatan geser dasar (m/d) h: kedalaman aliran k : konstanta Von Karman (sekitar 0.4) z : elevasi relatif terhadap dasar z: elevasi terhadap dasar 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Nicholson and O’Connor (1986) cH = 25 g/l (konsentrasi pada permulaan hindered settling) A1 = 6.0 x 10-4 m4/Kg/d A2 = 1.0 x 10-2 m3/Kg B1 = 1.0 dan B2 = 5.0 Koefisien-koefisien tersebut diperoleh dari eksperimen dan tergantung pada jenis sedimen dan salinitas 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Burban et al. 1990: c: konsentrasi (g/cm3) t : tegangan geser dasar (dyne/cm2) dm : diameter flok median (cm) B1 = 9.6 x 10-4 dan B2 = 7.5 x 10-6 B1 dan B2 ditetapkan dengan eksperimen 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Kecepatan Endap Lick dan Lick, 1988, dan Gailani et al., 1991 a0 ditetapkan dengan eksperimen Pada air tawar a0 = 10-8 m2/(cm3 d2) 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Soal dan Hitungan Berapakah kecepatan endap sedimen halus dengan konsentrasi 950 mg/l ? Bagaimanakah rumus hubungan antara kecepatan endap sedimen halus dengan konsentrasi pada kisaran konsentrasi 100 sd. 5000 mg/l ? Berapakah kecepatan endap sedimen halus dengan konsentrasi 10 000 mg/l dan 30 000 mg/l ? 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Distribusi ukuran butiran halus 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Soal, Hitungan dan Penjelasan Berapakah persen berat fraksi butiran halus lolos saringan #200 untuk sedimen yang berasal dari sungai Belawan ? Flocculation factor = ws / wsd = kecepatan jatuh dengan flokulasi dibagi kecepatan jatuh tidak terjadi flokulasi (dispersed) Terpengaruh oleh kecepatan aliran dan salinitas 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Soal Bagaimanakah rumus kecepatan jatuh butiran pada keadaan tidak terjadi flokulasi ? Untuk salinitas 30 ppt, konsentrasi 10 g/l, pada air diam, berapakah kecepatan jatuh sedimen halus dengan d50 sebesar 0,001 mm ? 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Selesai 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. Determining the Settling Velocity First, a Little More Theory Whenever you have have a particle moving through a horizontally-flowing fluid, confined within a certain space, a number of forces come into play. Gravity, the type of fluid involved, how smoothly the fluid is flowing, the size of the particles, the dimensions of the piping or chamber, the bouyancy force, and a few other negligible forces. All in all, there are quite a few things to look into. First, there was a man named Stokes, who did a great deal of work in these areas. To find out more about him, go to your library or text and read about him. Basically, his one important contribution was a formula for calculating Drag Force in completely laminar environments, with perfectly spherical bodies. And for situations with basically spherical particles and mostly laminar flow, those equations work. The equation, when coupled with one other and trying to solve for Drag Coefficient, works out to this. Drag Coefficient = 24 / Reynold's Number However, we (usually) need to go a bit beyond that. I have tried to make this simple, I hope, and so I broke it down into three more subsections, each dealing with a certain type of settling. Free Settling The total amount of force exerted on a particle can be broken down into four categories. Force due to Acceleration = Gravity Force - Buoyancy Force - Drag Force I won't go into the derivation of these formula; I figure if you want to look for them, that's a project you can endeavor on yourself. The important information is this. For a particle, there are two stages when it falls. The acceleration portion and then the portion of constant velocity, also known as the terminal velocity or free settling velocity The following is a diagram of the correlation between Reynold's Number and Drag Coefficient for Rigid Spherical Bodies. Any other type of particle has it's own special charts, but once more, I must forget those, due to space and time and scope considerations. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Kecepatan jatuh butiran mengikuti Stokes 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D. 11/20/2018 Ir. Adam Pamudji Rahardjo, M.Sc., Ph.D.