Software – Operating System

Sistem Komputer

Hardware Software Brainware

Software (Perangkat Lunak) Terdiri dari : –System Software –Application Software –Programming Software

System software  System software membantu menjalankan perangkat keras komputer dan sistem komputer.  Termasuk diantaranya adalah :  device drivers,  diagnostic tools,  operating systems,  servers,  utilities,  windowing systems,

System software Tujuan dari system software adalah agar pengguna tidak terlalu sibuk dengan detail yang harus dilakukan saat penggunaan hardware atau peralatan komputer.

operating systems  Merupakan kumpulan dari sumber daya untuk memindahkan, menyimpan dan memproses data dan untuk mengendalikan fungsi-fungsi tersebut.  Program yang sangat penting untuk menjalankan komputer.  Setiap komputer yang general-purpose mempunyai sistem operasi untuk menjalankan program yang lainnya.

Sistem Operasi  Sistem operasi menjalankan tugas dasar (basic tasks), seperti merecognize input dari keyboard, mengirimkan output ke layar display, keeping track berkas dan direktori pada disk, dan mengendalikan divais seperti disk drive dan printer.

operating systems

Sistem Operasi multi-user : Mengijinkan dua atau lebih user untuk menjalankan program pada saat yang sama. Beberapa sistem operasi mengijinkan ratusan, bahkan ribuan user yang ‘concurrent’.. multiprocessing : Mensupport menjalankan sebuah program pada lebih dari satu CPU. multitasking : Mengijinkan lebih dari satu program dijalankan secara ‘concurret’

Sistem Operasi multithreading : Mengijinkan bagian yang terpisah dari program tunggal untuk dijalankan secara ‘concurrent’ real time: Merespon pada input secara cepat.

Sistem Operasi Termasuk dalam System software Sistem Operasi (OS) mengendalikan hampir semua fungsi yang ada pada komputer. Seluruh komputer mengandalkan sistem operasi (OS) untuk memberikan interface (antar muka) untuk interaksi antara user, application, dan hardware. © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 13

Tugas Sistem Operating  Sistem Operasi boot komputer / start komputer dan mengendalikan sistem berkas.  Hampir semua sistem operasi modern dapat mendukung lebih dari satu user, task, atau CPU.  Sistem operasi mempunyai 4 tugas utama :  Mengendalikan akses hardware  Mengendalikan berkas dan folder  Memberikan interface user  Mengendalikan aplikasi

Characteristics of Operating Systems  Control hardware access OS automatically discovers and configures PnP Plug and Play  hardware (merupakan suatu proses/teknologi dimana dapat menginstall driver untuk komponen tersebut)  File and folder management  User interface  Command line interface (CLI)  Graphical user interface (GUI)  Application management  Open Graphics Library (OpenGL)  DirectX

Tipe Sistem Operasi Command Line Interface (CLI): User mengetik command pada prompt. Graphical User Interface (GUI): User berinteraksi dengan menu dan icon. Hampir semua OS mempunyai GUI dan CLI.

System Software Operating systems Fungsi pengendali komputer: –Hardware –Memory –Program Aplikasi –Sistem Perawatan Memberikan user interface System utilities Programs that perform computer housekeeping tasks: –Manage system resources –Improve efficiency –Virus prevention © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 17

Kategori Sistem Operasi Ada 4 kategori: –Real-Time (RTOS) –Single-User, Single-Task –Single-User, Multitask –Multi-user © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 18

Real-Time Operating Systems Systems with a specific purpose and a certain result Uses include: –Industrial machines –Robotic equipment –Automobiles –Video game consoles –Home appliances © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 19

Single-User Operating Systems Single-task systems Perform one task at a time PDAs: –Pocket PC –Palm OS MS-DOS Multitask systems Perform simultaneous tasks Windows MAC OS Linux © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 20

Multi-user Operating Systems Known as network operating systems Allow access to the computer system by more than one user Manage user requests Systems include: –UNIX –Novell Netware –Windows Server 2003 © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 21

Desktop Operating Systems Operating system combined with the processor is known as a platform –Microsoft Windows / Intel –Apple Macintosh / Motorola Desktop operating systems include: –Microsoft Windows –MAC OS –UNIX –Linux © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 22

Microsoft Windows Market leader – 90% market share Click to view the various Windows systems © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 23 Windows XP (2001) Offers a new multi-user desktop as well as improved digital media features and Internet capabilities. Windows ME (2000) This upgrade to Windows 95 and Windows 98 includes system backup and multimedia capabilities (such as Media Player). Windows 2000 (2000) This upgrade to Windows NT offers improvements to file security and Internet support. Windows 98 (1998) This upgrade includes additional file protection and incorporates Internet Explorer 4.0, a customizable taskbar, and desktop features Windows 95 (1995) This operating system runs faster and more efficiently, introduces Plug and Play capabilities, long file names, short-cut right-click menus, and a cleaner desktop. Windows NT (1993) Fundamentally different operating system with increased security, power, performance, and multitasking scheduler. Windows 3.x ( ) First widely used PC graphical user interface (GUI) operating system. Improved point-and-click mouse operations and multitasking capabilities. Windows 2.0 (1987) Includes better graphics capabilities and introduces keyboard shortcuts and the ability to overlap windows. Windows 1.0 (1985) Introduces point-and-click commands with a mouse and includes modest multitasking capabilities and desktop applications.

Windows Vista Diluncurkan 2006 Banyak fungsi di belakang layar Versi terakhir April 2009

Windows 7 Dikeluarkan Juli 2009 Versi terakhir : Oktober 2009

MAC OS First operating system with point-and-click technology (Graphical User Interface) Excellent in: –Graphics display –Processing capabilities –System reliability –Document recovery Fewer software applications © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 26 MAC OS X

UNIX Multi-user, multitask operating system Used primarily with mainframes © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 27

Linux Open-source operating system Based on UNIX Stable system Free May be downloaded through the Internet © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28

What the Operating System Does Provides user interface Manages the CPU Manages memory Manages hardware Coordinates application software with the CPU © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 29

The User Interface Enables you to interact with the computer Types of interfaces: –Command-driven interface –Menu-driven interface –Graphical user interface © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 30 Command-line Menu-driven Graphical

Processor Management Controls the timing of events the processor works on –Interrupts –Interrupt handler –Interrupt table –Stack © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 31 Process 4th Process 3rd Process 2nd Process 1st REQUEST Operating System

Memory Management The operating system allocates space in RAM for instructions and data © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 32 RAM Operating System

Virtual Memory Instructions and data are stored on the hard drive when RAM is full –Swap file –Paging –Thrashing © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 33 Operating System FULL

Hardware Management Device drivers: –Programs that enable the operating system to communicate with peripheral devices –Provided by the manufacturer of the device Plug and Play: –Hardware and software standard –Facilitates the installation of new hardware © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 34

Software Application Coordination Application programming interfaces (APIs): –Blocks of code contained in the operating system –Coordinates the operating system with software applications Similar toolbars and menus –Microsoft Direct X © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 35

Starting the Computer The Boot Process Step 1: The basic input/output system (BIOS) is activated Step 2: A Power-on- self-test (POST) checks attached hardware Step 3: The operating system loads into memory Step 4: Configuration and customization settings are checked © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc

Handling Errors in the Boot Process Non-system disk or disk error –Remove the floppy from the drive and press any key POST errors –Single beep: Everything is loading properly –Series of beeps: Hardware problem Safe mode –Windows does not boot properly –Uninstall any new devices or software © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 37

The Desktop  Desktop features:  Shortcut icons  My Documents  Start button  Quick launch  Open programs  Taskbar  System tray  toolbar © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 38 SHORT CUT ICONS A B C D E G H I _______________ MY DOCUMENTS MY COMPUTER START BUTTON QUICKLAUNCH TASKBAR SYSTEM TRAY TOOLBAR ____________ _________ ___________ _________ F OPEN PROGRAMS ___________ _______ Click to view Desktop features

Start Menu © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 39 A USER NAME ALL PROGRAMS BUTTON SPECIAL FOLDERS SYSTEM AREA HELP MOST FREQUENTLY USED LIST USER LOG OFF SHUT DOWN/RESTART G F E D C B PINNED ITEMS LIST _____________ ___________ _______________ ____________ _______________ Click to view Start menu features

Window © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 40 A B C D E F G SCROLL BARS STATUS BAR VIEW OPTIONS TOOL BARS MENU BAR TITLE BAR SIZING BUTTONS __________ ______________ ____________ _______________ Click to view Window features

File Management The operating system provides an organizational structure to the computer’s contents Hierarchical structure of directories: –Drives Folders  Subfolders »Files © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 41

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Windows Explorer –Tiles View © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 42

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Windows Explorer –Thumbnail View © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 43

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Windows Explorer –Icon View © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 44

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Windows Explorer –List View © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 45

Viewing and Sorting Files and Folders Windows Explorer –Detail View –Sorted and grouped © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 46

Naming Files Filename: –Name assigned plus filename extension only characters not legal in filenames are: \ ⁄ : * ? " ¦ all others are allowed © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 47 Bioreport.doc or Bio report.doc

File Name Extensions Filename extensions: –Used by programs Extension Type of Document Application.doc Word processing document Microsoft Word; Corel Word Perfect.xlsWorkbook Microsoft Excel.ppt PowerPoint presentation Microsoft PowerPoint.mdbDatabase Microsoft Access.bmp Bitmap image Windows.zip Compressed file WinZip.pdf Portable Document Format Adobe Acrobat.htm or.html Web page Hypertext Markup Language © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 48

File path –Location of the file © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 49 C: Tech in Action\TIA Pics\ \My Documents\ dotmatrix.gif Drive Primary folder Secondary folders Filename

Working with Files File management actions: –Open –Copy –Move –Rename –Delete Recycle bin © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 50 Saving files

Utility Programs Small application programs that perform special functions: –Manage system resources –Create pleasant environment –Improve efficiency © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 51

Display Utilities Change the appearance of: –Desktop –Windows colors –Font sizes –Screen savers –Screen resolution © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 52

Add or Remove Programs Installation wizard Uninstall wizard: –Do not delete programs © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 53

File Compression Programs Reduce the size of a file: –Removes redundancies © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 54

System Maintenance Utilities Disk cleanup –Cleans unnecessary files © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 55

System Maintenance Utilities Disk defragmenter ScanDisk: –Error checker © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 56

System Maintenance Utilities Task manager © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 57

System Restore System Restore: –Restores the system settings back to a specific date © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 58

System Backup Backup: –Creates a copy of the hard drive to another storage device Task Scheduler –Sets a time to run selected utilities automatically © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 59

Accessibility Utilities Utility manager: –Magnify screen image –Screen contents narration –On-screen keyboard © 2007 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 60