P ersepsi S osial Psi-sos 1. Social Perception A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another (kassin et. al) The process.

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P ersepsi S osial Psi-sos 1

Social Perception A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another (kassin et. al) The process through which we seek to know and understand other people. (Baron & Brancombe).

Social Perception Proses perolehan, penafisiran, pemilihan dan pengaturan informasi indrawi tentang orang lain. Proses yang berlangsung pada diri kita untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi orang lain. Sarlito W Sarwono & Eko A Meiano, 2009

Bagaimana orang mengenali, mengetahui dan memahami orang lain ? Bagaimana orang mengevaluasi orang lain ? Mengapa orang lain melakukan tindakan tertentu ?

Sebagai suatu Proses : Persepsi sosial merupakan proses yang berlangsung pada diri kita untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi orang lain  dengan proses itu kita membentuk kesan tentang orang lain. Kesan yang terbentuk didasarkan pada informasi yang tersedia di lingkungan kita, sikap kita terdahulu tentang rangsang–rangsang yang relavan, dan mood kita saat itu.

Non-Verbal Communication Communication between individuals that does not involve the content of spoken language. It relies instead on an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, and body language.

Persepsi sosial Dimulai dari pengenalan terhadap tanda2 non- verbal atau tingkah laku non verbal Penyimpulan tentang apa yang sedang dipikirkan atau dirasakan orang lain. Melengkapinya dengan ungkapan2 verbal Dengan menggunakan informasi-informasi dari tingkah laku nonverbal dan verbal kesan tentang orang lain terbentuk

Tingkah laku non-verbal Tingkah laku nonverbal memberikan informasi tentang ‘perasaan’ dan ‘niat’ secara ajeg. Misal ekpresi sedih atau frustasi

Tingkah laku non verbal Tingkah laku non verbal dapat digunakan untuk mengelola interaksi Contoh dalam kegiatan diskusi seseorang menggerakkan tangan untuk meyakinkan atau menguatkan apa yang sedang dibicarakan

Tingkah laku non verbal Tingkah laku verbal dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan keintiman

Tingkah laku non verbal Tingkah laku nonverbal dapat digunakan untuk menegakkan dominasi atau kendali Seperti mata melotot, rahang yang dikatubkan rapat,

Tingkah laku non verbal Tingkah laku non verbal dapat digunakan untuk memfasilitasi pencapaian tujuan. Seperti mengangkat jempol

Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanda-tanda non verbal dapat mempengaruhi perasaan orang lain yang melihat Ekman & Fredson, 1974; Izard, 1991; Keltner, 1995; Forest & Feldmen, 2000; Neuman & Strak, 2000; DePaulo et.al., 2003)

Deception: Recognizing it through nonverbal cues, and its Effects on Social Relations It’s design to avoid hurting others’ feeling or accomplish other positive social purposes to ones designed to get out of trouble or further our own goals. People do deceptions in almost 20 % of their social interactions (de Paulo& Kashy, 1998) Berbaik2 untuk menutupi kesalahan yang telah diperbuat untuk menghindari masalah lebih lanjut  ’bikin alasan atas keterlambatan biar nggak dimarahin’

Microexpressions: These are fleeting facial expressions lasting only a few tenths of a second. Such reactions appear on the face very quickly after an emotion-provoking event and are difficult to suppress. As a result, they can be very revealing about others’ true feelings or emotions. Wajah memerah karena malu

Interchannel discrepancies: A second nonverbal cue revealing of deception is known as interchannel discrepancies. (The term channel refers to type of nonverbal cues; for instance, facial expressions are one channel, body movements are another.) These are inconsistencies between nonverbal cues from different basic channels. These result from the fact that people who are lying often find it difficult to control all these channels at once. For instance, they may manage their facial expressions well, but may have difficulty looking you in the eye as they tell their lie. Tangan bergerak tak terkendali karena gelisah atau karena bohong

Eye contact: Efforts at deception are often revealed by certain aspects of eye contact. People who are lying often blink more often and show pupils that are more dilated than people who are telling the truth. They may also show an unusually low level of eye contact or—surprisingly—an unusually high one as they attempt to fake being honest by looking others right in the eye.

Exaggerated facial expressions: People who are lying sometimes show exaggerated facial expressions. They may smile more—or more broadly—than usual or may show greater sorrow than is typical in a given situation. A prime example: someone says no to a request you’ve made and then shows exaggerated regret. This is a good sign that the reasons the person has supplied for saying “no” may not be true. Orang bohong bereksi berlebihan

correspondent inference A theory describing how we use others’ behavior as a basis for inferring their stable dispositions. bahwa tindakan ‘ramah’ ini disebabkan oleh disposisi yang mendasari untuk bersikap ramah PR

noncommon effects Effects produced by a particular cause that could not be produced by any other apparent cause. Adikmu telah memutuskan untuk berhenti dari pekerjaan bergaji sebagai seorang pengacara untuk menjadi seorang penyair dan hal ini banyak mengecewakan ayahmu. Tapi Anda melihat keputusan ini sebagai yang benar, karena jelas dia harus memilih karir yang ia benar-benar ingin dicapai.

Teori Atrubusi (Heider 1925) Merupakan tindakan penafsiran terhadap apa yang “terberi” (terkesan dari indrawi) dihubungkan kembali kepada sumber asalnya. (ketika seseorang melihat orang yang menampilkan ekspresi wajah tak ramah dan dalam posisi jarak yang terkesan berjarak dengan orang lain, maka orang akan menyimpulkan bahwa orang tersebut tidak ramah)

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior

fundamental attribution error The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other’s people behavior For instance, parents are often surprised to hear that their mischievous child, the family monster, is a perfect angel in the classroom.

The Attribution Error Defference in prespective Cultural differences

Discounting Penilaian atas ‘perilaku’ seseorang yang dianggap sesuai dengan harapan kita tetapi kenyataannya ada maksud tertentu dibalik ‘perilaku’ tersebut. (tindakan berbaik2 untuk mendapatkan bantuan)

Augmenting Kencenderungan untuk menambah bobot atau sifat penting terhadap suatu faktor yang mungkin memfasilitasi tingkah laku yang ditampilkan. Pujian yang tulus yang disampaikan untuk memperkuat perilaku meminta bantuan

?

Atribusi Kelly (1967,1972) covariation theory a theory developed to explain how people determine the causes of a person’s behavior, namely, by focusing on the factors present and absent when a behavior does and does not occur, and specifically the role of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

Consensus consensus information about whether other people generally behave in the same way toward the stimulus as the target person Orang berikap sama terhadap suatu obyek

Distinctiveness Distinctiveness information about whether a person’s behavior is generally the same toward different stimuli Informasi yang khas tentang apakah perilaku seseorang umumnya sama terhadap rangsangan yang berbeda

Consistency consistency information about whether a person’s behavior toward a given stimulus is the same across time apakah sikap orang dan atau perilaku orang, serupa dari waktu ke waktu.