Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain Movement of product from one location to another as its way from the beginning of a supply chain to the customer. USA, 2002, 10 percent GDP (4th-housing, health care, food), 20 million people, 16% total occupational employment.

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain Indonesia : Rp. 1,402 Triliun = 26% PDB, Carrying cost 421 T, transportation cost 841 T, administration cost 140 T 17% total biaya produksi (Malaysia 8%, Philipina 7%, Singapura 6%) Peringkat ke-47 (2007), peringkat ke-75 (2010)

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain Penyebab mahalnya biaya logistik Buruknya infrastruktur dan sistem transportasi (antrian panjang truk di pelabuhan Merak) Regulasi yang terlalu banyak mengatur retribusi dan pungutan liar Panjangnya mata rantai distribusi, mis kontainer tujuan Eropa lewat Singapura atau Malaysia dulu.

Contoh Good Transportation Dell Wal-Mart IKEA (180 store in 23 country) Seven-Eleven Japan Amazon

Mode Transportation Air Package carriers Truk Rail Water Pipeline Intermodal

AIR Very fast & expensive mode Smal, high-value items, time-sensitive, emergecy shipment, long distance

Package carriers FedEx, UPS, US Postal Service Letter until about 150 lbs Used air, truck, rail, small truck making milk runs Time-critical smaller package Very expensive price for large shipments

Truck In 2002, trucks 64% commercial freight value, and 58% by weight TL & LTL More expensive than rail, door-to-door shipment, shoter delivery time. No transfer between pickup and delivery

Truck TL relative low fixed costs LTL, small lots, less than half TL Cheaper for large shipment

Rail In 2002, about 4 % by value, 12% by weighf, and over 25% of total ton-miles Commodities over large distances Ideal mode for carying large, heavy, or heavy-density product over long distances,non time sensitive

Water All kind of product : Car, grain, apparel... Cheapest mode of transport

Pipeline Crude petroleum, refine petroleum, gas ... Best suited when relatively stable and large flows are required

Intermodal Use more than one mode transportation to move a shipment to its destination Container are easy to transfer from one mode to another.

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK Direct shipment network Direct shipment with milk runs All shipment via Central DC Tailored network

Direct shipment Elimination of intermediate warehouses and its simplicity of operation and coordination. Lot size are close to TL

Direct shipping with milk runs Multiple location on single truck Better utilization of the truck and somewhat lower costs Toyota uses milk runs to support JIT In Japan, single supplier to many assembly plants located close together. In US from many supplier to each assembly plant

All shipment via Central DC Two roles, store inventory and serve as a transfer location The buyer divided into geographic region, DC build for each region. When supplier far from buyer locations and transportation cost are high Economic of scale for inbound transportation to point close to the final destination

All shipment via Central DC Cross-docking Wal Mart Large and predicable demand Shipping via DC using milk runs

Trade-offs design Transportation and inventory cost Transportation and customer responsiveness

Tailored transportation by customer density and distance Short Distance Medium Distance Long distance High density Privat fleet with milk runs Cross docking with milk runs Medium density Third-party milk runs LTL carrier LTL or package carrier Low density Third-party milk runs or LTL carier Package carrier

Tailored transportation by Size of Customer When using milk runs, make mix visiting (L,M1,S1),(L,M2,S2),(L,M1,S3), (L,M2,S1), (L,M1,S2), (L,M2,S3) L = Customer Large demand M1,2 = Customer Medium demand S1,2,3= Customer Small demand

Summary Understand the role of transportation within a supply chain Evaluate the strenghts and weaknesses of different modes of transportation Identify the relative strengths and weakness of various transportation network design options Identify trade-offs that shippers need to consider when designing a transportation network

Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi Kemampuan untuk mengirimkan produk ke pelanggan secara tepat waktu, dalam jumlah yang sesuai dan dalam kondisi yang baik serta pelayanan purnajual yang memuaskan, akan menentukan apakah produk tersebut pada akhirnya akan kompetitif di pasar Manfaatkan teknologi dan inovasi.

Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi Jaringan distribusi tidak lagi dipandang hanya sebagai serangkaian fasilitas yang mengerjakan fungsi-fungsi fisik seperti pengangkutan dan penyimpanan, tetapi merupakan bagian integral dari kegiatan supply chain secara holistik dan memiliki peran strategis sebagai titik penyalur produk maupun informasi dan juga sebagai wahana untuk menciptakan nilai tambah.

Fungsi dasar Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi Melakukan segmentasi dan menentukan target service level. Menentukan mode transportasi yang akan digunakan Melakukan konsolidasi informasi dan pengiriman Melakukan penjadwalan dan penentuan rute pengiriman Memberikan pelayanan nilai tambah Menyimpan persediaan Menangani pengembalian (retur)

Mode Transportasi Dalam manajemen transportasi biasanya dibedakan antara pihak yang memiliki barang (shipper) dan pihak yang melakukan pengiriman (carrier). Biaya yang perlu dipertimbangkan bagi carrier : biaya alat transportasi, operasional tetap ( sewa bandara, pelabuhan ..), biaya operasional variabel ( biaya bahan bakar.. ), biaya overhead. Hal lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah kecepatan pengiriman, volume, dan fleksibilitas pengiriman. Dari sisi shipper, pertimbangannya bisa didasarkan pada berbagai biaya yang timbul pada supply chain, biaya transportasi, biaya persediaan, biaya loading-unloading, biaya fasilitas (gudang). Hal lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan, tingkat pelayanan.

Mode transportasi Mode Truk Kereta Kapal Pswt Paket Volume Fleks waktu sedang sgt bnyk banyak sgt sdkt Fleks waktu tinggi rendah Fleks rute sgt rendah sgt tinggi Kecepatan Biaya kirim Inv. (intransit) sedikit

Penentuan Rute dan Jadwal Pengiriman Metoda saving matrix : meminimumkan jarak atau waktu, atau biaya. Langkah : 1. Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak 2. Mengidentifikasi matrix penghematan 3. Mengalokasikan toko ke kendr/route 4. Mengurutkan toko ke route

Contoh saving matrix Tk.Tujuan Koord X Koor Y Vol Order 1 10 8 320 2 -3 85 3 16 -8 300 4 150 5 9 200 6 120 7 12 180 230

Contoh saving matrix Step1: Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak Hitung jarak dari gudang ke toko dan jarak antar toko J(1,2) = √((x1-x2)^2+(y1-y2)^2)

Contoh saving matrix Step2: Mengidentifikasi matrix penghematan S(x,y)= J(G,x)+J(G,y)-J(x,y)

Matrix penghematan gudang gudang Toko 1 Toko 1 Toko 2 Toko 2 Perubahan yang terjadi dengan mengkonsulidasikan toko 1 dan toko 2 Ke dalam satu rute

Contoh saving matrix Step3: Mengalokasikan toko ke kendaraan/route Pilih penghematan terbesar, gabungkan route tersebut, ulangi sampai kapasitas truk penuh atau mendekati penuh Hasil Route 1 : toko 1, toko 6, toko 7 Route 2 : toko 2, toko 8 Route 3 : toko 2, toko 4, toko 5

Contoh saving matrix Step4: Mengurutkan toko ke route terdefinisi : Metode nearest insert Metode nearest neighbor

Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute Metode nearest insert G-1-G = 26 G-6-G = 12 G-7-G = 32 ---------------- G-6-1-G = 25.4 G-6-7-G = 30.8

Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute Metode nearest nearest neighbor G-1 = G-6 = 6.4 yang paling dekat dg gd G-7 = ---------------- 6-1 = 6.7 yang paling dekat dg 6 6-7 =

Crossdocking Vendor 1 Vendor 2 Vendor 3 Crossdocking Toko 1 Toko 3