MANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGI MATERI 1 KONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGI Much. Djunaidi, ST, MT Jurusan Teknik Industri Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Konsep Dasar Teknologi Evolusi Teknologi: Teori Perubahan Masyarakat, Tingkat Perkembangan Teknologi Definisi Teknologi Siklus Hidup Teknologi Tingkat Teknologi Jenis Teknologi Klasifikasi Teknologi

Teori Perubahan Masyarakat Masyarakat tradisional, persiapan lepas landas, lepas landas, dorongan kearah kedewasaan, konsumsi masa tinggi (Rostow). Berkembang, lepas landas, industri, post-industri (Farmer, 1969). Masyarakat pertanian, masyarakat industri, masyarakat informasi (Toffler).

Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (1) Masyarakat Pertanian (8000 SM – 1700) Gelombang pembaharuan  manusia menentukan & menerapkan teknologi pertanian Manusia yang semula berpindah-pindah menjadi suka untuk tinggal menetap (desa) Manusia menggunakan energi dari alam (otot binatang, matahari, angin & air) Masyarakat produsen & sekaligus menjadi konsumen

Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (2) Masyarakat Industri (1700 – 1970) Revolusi Industri ditandai dengan penggunaan mesin (melipat gandakan kekuatan fisik manusia) Manusia menggunakan energi: minyak, batu bara & gas Pemisahan antara masyarakat produsen dengan masyarakat konsumen (spesialisasi) Terjadi perusakan alam akibat eksploitasi sumber daya Penetrasi pasar internasional

Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (3) Masyarakat Informasi (1970 > 2000) Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi dalam peradaban manusia Penggunaan komputer & mikro elektronik sebagai teknologi inti Pelipatgandaan kekuatan pikir manusia Energi alternatif, energi baru, rekayasa genetik,bioteknologi

MATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGI Kemajuan teknologi mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan; merubah pola hidup manusia dan struktur sosial secara keseluruhan

TEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKAT

Definisi Teknologi (1) TEKHNOLOGIA (Greek) Techné = art or skill Logos = science or study Sekumpulan pengetahuan ilmiah, mesin, perkakas serta kemampuan organisasi produksi yang dikelola secara sistematik dan efektif (JUDET & PERRIN, 1971) Technology is the totality of goods, tools, processes, methods, techniques, procedures and service that are invented and put into some practical use (BAYRAKTAR, 1992)

Definisi Teknologi (2) Teknologi: suatu input produksi yang penting & dapat diperjual-belikan di pasar dunia sebagai suatu komoditi. (UNCTAD) a) Barang modal (investasi). b) Tenaga kerja manusia (tenaga terampil – spesialisasi sangat tinggi). c) Informasi (sifat teknis atau komersial: pasar, hak cipta, dijual)

Definisi Teknologi (3) Suatu pengaturan yang berisikan atas tiga elemen atau komponen teknologi (paket) (SANDRETT) Elemen material : mesin, peralatan, bahan baku, bahan setengah jadi, dll. Elemen informasi : pengetahuan tentang prosedur, keterampilan individu & kolektif Elemen organisasi : organisasi produksi, jabatan, situasi kerja & koordinasi

Definisi Teknologi (4)

Definisi Teknologi (5) Pengelompokan Konsep Teknologi dari perspektif sosio-ekonomi

Definisi Teknologi (6) Technology includes whatever it takes to convert resources into products and services (GAYNOR, 1992) All the knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods & system employed in the creation of goods or in providing services (KHALIL, 2002)

Definisi Teknologi (7) Komponen teknologi (TECHNOLOGY ALTAS PROJECT, 1989): Technoware  peralatan manual, mesin otomatis, fasilitas terintegrasi Humanware  kemampuan: operasional, memproduksi, memperbaiki, adaptasi, inovasi Inforware  menilai, menjelaskan, menggunakan fakta, melakukan klasifikasi Orgaware  individual, kelompok, organisasi, industri, nasional

Definisi Teknologi (8) Komponen teknologi (ZELENY, 1986): Hardware: the physical structure & logical layout of the equipment or machinery that is to be used to carry out the required tasks Software: The knowledge of how to use the hardware in order to carry out the required tasks Brainware: The reasons for using the technology in particular way

Komponen Teknologi

Technology, Science & Engineering BETZ (1993) Science is the discovery & explanation of nature Technology is the knowledge of the manipulation of nature for human purposes Engineering is the understanding & manipulation of nature for human purposes

Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1) Technology development: basic technology Technology application: technology + application Application launch: technology + application + product launch Application growth: technology + application + product sales Technology maturity: technology + application + fall in product sales Degraded technology: minimal product sales + loss of application + alternative technology

Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)

Production Technology TIPE TEKNOLOGI Materials Technology Production Technology Transport Technology Testing Technology Process Technology Machining Technology

Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO) a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi

Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (1) New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services) Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year High technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies

Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (2) Low technology: refers to technologies that have permated large segments of human society Medium technology: refers to mature technologies Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang tidak terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang. Lima Unsur Teknologi: Technology of energy conversion and utilization Technology of tools & machines Technology of measurement, observation & control Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials Technology of industrial production processes

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur (1) Technology of energy conversion and utilization: Major types of energy useful to man Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy Devices for energy conversion Devices for energy concentration & control Devices for unlimited production of energy

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur (2) Technology of tools & machines Hand tools Machines & machine components Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur (3) Technology of measurement, observation & control Theory of measurement Units & standards of measurement Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate Common types of measuring instruments Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research Major systems of measurement & observation Instrumentation & control systems

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur (4) Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials The world’s physical & biological resources Technology of the extraction industries Primary conversion of raw materials

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Unsur (5) Technology of industrial production processes Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products Metallurgy Materials handling in the production process Technology of packaging

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi Delapan bidang pokok teknologi: Construction technology Technology of major industries Technology of agriculture & food production Transportation technology Technology of information processing & of communications systems Technology of the urban community Military technology Technology of earth & space exploration

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (1) Construction technology General building construction Construction of civil engineering works Prefabrication & shop fabrication

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (2) Technology of major industries Principles of organization of work & production Manufacturing industries The fabrication industries The process industries The construction industries The service industries The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods Industrial research & development Technology of industrial safety

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (3) Technology of agriculture & food production Technology of agriculture Crop farming, Flock & stock farming Technology of hunting & fishing Food processing, Food preservation Techniques for controlling the quality of food Food sources & new product development The history of agriculture

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (4) Transportation technology Roads & highways & their construction Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads & highways Rail transportation Stationary conveyance systems Water transportation Air transportation Air - cushion machines

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (5) Technology of information processing & of communications systems Communication & information theory Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers General information recording devices Sound recording & reproducing devices Information recording by the production of visual image: the technology of photography Information processing Major systems of communication Major system of detection & remote sensing Electronic component & techniques used in communications

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (6) Technology of the urban community Basic engineering services of the city Technology of the basic social services of the city Technological responses to new urban problems History of city engineering

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (7) Military technology Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems Logistic systems Purely defensive equipment & systems

Klasifikasi Teknologi Berdasarkan Bidang (8) Technology of earth & space exploration Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration Techniques & equipment of space exploration Techniques & equipment & space exploration

Lowe (1995): 5 tingkat teknologi. Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru. Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen) Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals, new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking. Lowe (1995): 5 tingkat teknologi.