Jurusan Teknik Informatika – FTI UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur Mobile Computing Pendahuluan Jurusan Teknik Informatika – FTI UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur 2008

Tujuan Umum Membentuk dan menumbuhkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai konsep dasar komunikasi mobile dan nirkabel, yang mencakup teknologi jaringan, protokol, dan aplikasi. Membentuk dan menumbuhkan kemampuan dalam mengimplementasikan protokol maupun mengembangkan aplikasi-aplikasi mobile dan wireless sederhana. Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Tujuan Khusus Mahasiswa mengetahui dan mampu memahami dasar-dasar teknologi mobile dan nirkabel. Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep yang melatarbelakangi perancangan protokol mobile dan nirkabel. Mahasiswa mampu mengembangkan aplikasi-aplikasi mobile dan wireless. Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Lingkup Bahasan Overview Sistem Komunikasi Bergerak: Memberikan overview tentang frekuensi, transmisi radio, sinyal dan propagasi, multiplexing, modulasi, dan medium access control pada jaringan mobile dan wireless, spread spectrum, dan sistem seluler. Memberikan uraian mengenai arsitektur dan protokol beberapa teknologi komunikasi mobile. Aplikasi Internet Mobile berbasis WAP : Memberikan uraian mengenai beberapa implementasi dan tools untuk mendukung pengaksesan internet melalui perangkat mobile dan wireless. Pemrograman Divais berbasis JAVA : Memberikan uraian mengenai dasar-dasar pemrograman mobile devices. Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Jurusan Teknik Informatika – FTI UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur Mobile Computing Motivasi Jurusan Teknik Informatika – FTI UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur 2008

Mengapa Wireless & Mobile Trend pemakaian komputer & komunikasi mobile meningkat Aplikasi: – Kendaraan – Emergencies – Bisnis – Menggantikan wired networks – Hiburan – Layanan yang bergantung lokasi Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Masalah Pada Wireless & Mobile Mobile device – Power consumption – Loss of data – Antar muka terbatas – Memori terbatas Wireless – Higher loss rate – Pembatasan frekuensi (regulasi) – Bandwidth kecil – Delay tinggi – Keamanan rendah – Shared medium Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Pengertian Nirkabel Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan frekuensi/spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik Dibedakan dari sistem transmisi yang memerlukan koneksi fisik, seperti kabel/kawat tembaga atau fiber optik Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile) Dibatasi oleh ketersediaan spektrum (pita frekuensi), karena adanya interferensi (saling mengganggu) jika digunakan bersama Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Komunikasi Nirkabel Dapat dilakukan “dimana saja” (mobile) Bisa bersifat lebih personal Dibatasi oleh sifat antarmuka terminal: Layar kecil (ponsel) sampai menengah (laptop) Tombol terbatas Daya terbatas Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed): Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT) Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-WLL) Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah WiFi: jarang menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile): Limited Mobility (Flexi) Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G) Satellite (GMPCS) Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Berbagai Teknologi Nirkabel Degree of mobility Standing Walking Driving User data rate 10 Mbps IEEE 802.16a,d 1 100 HSDPA IEEE 802.16e WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) GSM GPRS DECT EDGE FlashOFDM (802.20) Systems beyond 3G >2010 0.1 BlueTooth UMTS CDMA EV-DO EV-DV Modul 1 Pendahuluan

ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS Standard Nirkabel Sensors IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee Alliance) RFID (AutoID Center) (BAN) BAN: Body Area Network RAN IEEE 802.22 WAN 3GPP (GPRS/UMTS) 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000) GSMA, OMA IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19 MAN IEEE 802.16d WiMAX ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS LAN IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2 ETSI HIPERMAN following 256 OFDM mode of 802.16a IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA PAN ETSI HiperPAN Modul 1 Pendahuluan

System Evolution Scenario Maximum transmission rate 　TRmax（Mbps） Year 1000 100 10 1 0.1 1st Generation Analog voice 2nd Generation Digital voice & Low rate data 3rd Generation 0.01 2000 2005 2010 2015 ～1990 2G+ PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. 2G 3G W-CDMA, Cdma2000, etc. 3G+ HSDPA, cdma2000(3X), etc. 4G 1995 WLAN 802.11a,HiSWANa, HIPERLAN2, etc. Bluetooth, etc. UWB, etc. WLAN+ 802.11n, etc. WLAN++ Generation (Cellular) Mobile Local Nomadic 4th Generation ALL-IP Broadband Ubiquitous & Seamless Voice & High speed data Multimedia WiMAX Modul 1 Pendahuluan

GSM Evolution GSM CS Up to 9,6 Kbps GSM GPRS Up to 115 kbps UMTS Up to 2 Mbps or 384 in mobility GSM HSCSD Up to 38,4 kbps 2G 3G 2.5G EDGE Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage Modul 1 Pendahuluan

CDMA Standards Evolution IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps 600 Kbps peak IS-95A CDMA Voice, packet- 9.6/14.4 Kbps IS-95B CDMA Voice, packet- 64 Kbps IS-2000 1XEV-DO 600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV 2-5 Mbps peak All IP CDMA2000 PCN/Mobile IP CDMA2000 Interworking function cdmaOne Source: CDMA2000-A world view Modul 1 Pendahuluan

IMT-2000 (Family of Standards) IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread IMT-2000 CDMA Multi Carrier IMT-2000 CDMA TDD IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA WCDMA (UMTS) CDMA2000 1X and 3X UTRA TDD And TD-SCDMA UWC-136/ EDGE DECT CDMA TDMA FDMA Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Berbagai jenis Content & Aplikasi Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Intermezzo Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Wireless Communication & Achitecture Mobile Devices Mobile Computing Wireless Communication & Achitecture Mobile Devices Jurusan Teknik Informatika – FTI UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur 2008

4. Wireless Communication Transmisis suara dan data menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik menuju ruang bebas Gelombang elektromagnetik Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x108 m/s) Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l) c = f x l Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium meredam lebih besar Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Spektrum frekuensi 104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16 Radio Spectrum Micro wave IR UV X-Rays Cosmic Rays 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1MHz ==100m 100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm Visible light < 30 KHz VLF 30-300KHz LF 300KHz – 3MHz MF 3 MHz – 30MHz HF 30MHz – 300MHz VHF 300 MHz – 3GHz UHF 3-30GHz SHF > 30 GHz EHF Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Contoh : panjang gelombang GSM : Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm PCS Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm Bluetooth: Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Frequency Carrier/Kanal Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu. Disebut sebagai kanal (channel) Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bit-rate) Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access). Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Example Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B Assume each channel occupies 30KHz. There are 3 channels Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way) For full duplex communication: Use two different channels (front and reverse channels) Use time division in a channel Station A Channel 1 (b - b+30) Station B Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90) Modul 1 Pendahuluan

5. Simplex Communication Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way. This is called simplex transmision To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication) We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing We can use Time Division Multiplexing Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Duplex Communication - FDD FDD: Frequency Division Duplex Base Station B Mobile Terminal M Forward Channel Reverse Channel Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Duplex Communication - TDD TDD: Time Division Duplex Base Station B Mobile Terminal M M B M B M B A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately. Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service Reverse Channel Forward Channel 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 991 992 … 1023 1 2 … 799 824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0 Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030N + 870.0 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 (Channels 800-990 are unused) Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz Modul 1 Pendahuluan

6. What is Mobility Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static No change of location during a call/connection A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location Mobility and portability Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Degrees of Mobility Walking Users Vehicles Low speed Small roaming area Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access Vehicles High speeds Large roaming area Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones) Modul 1 Pendahuluan

What is Mobility Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static No change of location during a call/connection A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location Mobility and portability Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online Modul 1 Pendahuluan

Mobile phone subscribers worldwide Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik Mobile phone subscribers worldwide Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 year Subscribers [million] GSM total TDMA total CDMA total PDC total Analogue total Total wireless Prediction (1998) Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 32

Development of mobile telecommunication systems Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik Development of mobile telecommunication systems Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 CT0/1 FDMA AMPS CT2 NMT IMT-FT DECT IS-136 TDMA D-AMPS EDGE IMT-SC IS-136HS UWC-136 TDMA GSM GPRS PDC IMT-DS UTRA FDD / W-CDMA IMT-TC UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA CDMA IMT-TC TD-SCDMA IS-95 cdmaOne IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO cdma2000 1X 1X EV-DV (3X) 1G 2G 2.5G 3G Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 33

GSM: overview OMC, EIR, AUC fixed network HLR GMSC NSS with OSS VLR Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik GSM: overview Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 OMC, EIR, AUC fixed network HLR GMSC NSS with OSS VLR MSC VLR MSC BSC BTS BSC BTS BTS RSS BSS BTS BTS MS Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 34

GSM: elements and interfaces Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik GSM: elements and interfaces Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 radio cell BSS MS MS Um radio cell BSS: Base Station subsystem BTS: Base transfer station BSC: Base Station Controller MS: Mobile Station MSC: Mobile Switching Center VLR:Visitor Location Register HLR: Home location Register GMSC: Gateway MSC IWF: InterWorking Function AUC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identity Register OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center PDN: Public Data Network PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network ISDN: Integrated Service Digital Network MS RSS BTS BTS Abis BSC BSC A MSC MSC NSS VLR VLR signallng HLR ISDN, PSTN GMSC PDN IWF O OSS EIR AUC OMC Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 35

GSM: system architecture Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik GSM: system architecture Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 radio subsystem network and switching subsystem fixed partner networks MS MS ISDN PSTN Um MSC Abis BTS BSC EIR BTS SS7 HLR VLR BTS BSC ISDN PSTN BTS A MSC BSS IWF PSPDN CSPDN Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 36

System architecture: radio subsystem Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik System architecture: radio subsystem Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 radio subsystem network and switching subsystem MS MS Components MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers Interfaces Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels Um Abis BTS BSC MSC BTS A BTS MSC BSC BTS BSS Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 37

System architecture: network and switching subsystem Universität Karlsruhe Institut für Telematik System architecture: network and switching subsystem Mobilkommunikation SS 1998 network subsystem fixed partner networks Components MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center): IWF (Interworking Functions) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.) CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.) Databases HLR (Home Location Register) VLR (Visitor Location Register) EIR (Equipment Identity Register) ISDN PSTN MSC EIR SS7 HLR VLR ISDN PSTN MSC IWF PSPDN CSPDN Modul 1 Pendahuluan Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller 38