Perspective on biodiversity and community participation in Indonesia Rhett A. Butler mongabay.com mongabay.com

Biodiversity: What is it? Keanekaragaman Hayati: Apa itu? ----- Meeting Notes (2/17/11 10:39) ----- Nature and our place in it mongabay.com

INDONESIA USA North Sumatra California mongabay.com

INDONESIA USA Mammals / Mamalia 667 468 Birds / Burung: 1604 888 667 468 Birds / Burung: 1604 888 Reptiles / Reptil: 749 360 Plants / Tanaman: 30,000 20,000 USA = 5x larger mongabay.com

Biodiversity: Why is it important Biodiversity: Why is it important? Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting? Ecosystem services Food, fiber, fuel Medicine (Calanolide A) Jasa ekosistem -Makanan, serat, bahan bakar -Kedokteran (Calanolide A) Ecosystem services (erosion control, flood prevention, carbon storage, fire mitigation, transpiration/precipitation) Food (game, fruit, seeds), fiber (construction materials, rattan), fuel (firewood) Medicine (Calanolide: anti-HIV drug from Borneo peat swamp tree) Bali mongabay.com

Biodiversity: Why is it important Biodiversity: Why is it important? Keanekaragaman Hayati: Mengapa penting? Indonesian examples Indonesia peatlands store 55 billion tons of carbon Ecotourism: orangutans, Komodo dragons, and coral reefs Oil palm is a rainforest species Indonesia: Lahan gambut Indonesia menyimpan 55 miliar ton karbon Ekowisata: orangutan, komodo, dan terumbu karang Kelapa sawit adalah spesies hutan hujan 7 years of global emissions from energy use North Sumatra mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity Tren Keanekaragaman Hayati Central Kalimantan mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity - Global Deforestation: 9.3 million hectares/year from 2000-10; including 40 m ha of primary forest Peru Deforestasi: 9,3 juta hektar / tahun 2000-10, termasuk 40 ha m dari hutan primer mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity - Global 8 of 10 warmest years since 1880 have occurred since 1998 8 dari 10 tahun terpanas sejak 1880 telah terjadi sejak tahun 1998 mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife ICUN Red List - percent threatened ICUN Red List - persen terancam Mammals Primates in Asia Mamalia Primata di Asia mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife ICUN Red List - percent threatened Amphibians Reptiles mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity – Wildlife ICUN Red List - percent threatened Corals Birds mongabay.com

Tren Keanekaragaman Hayati - Global Hutan Hujan Tropis Amazon: Dua musim kemarau terbesar terjadi dalam kurun lima tahun terakhir mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity - Indonesia Wildlife 147 mammal species, 114 birds threatened Bali and Java tigers extinct, Sumatran critically endangered Javan and Sumatran rhinos critically endangered mongabay.com

Trends in Biodiversity - Indonesia Annual deforestation in Sumatra and Kalimantan, 2000-2008 (1000 ha) Tahunan deforestasi di Sumatera dan Kalimantan, 2000-2008 Data: Broich 2011 mongabay.com

Why is Indonesia’s biodiversity declining Why is Indonesia’s biodiversity declining? Mengapa keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia menurun? -Population -Corruption, land-grabbing, and unclear land rights -Shift toward Western development model over past century Non-sustainable, non-biodiversity friendly approaches: industrial plantations, mechanized forest conversion, mining Jambi mongabay.com

Tradeoffs: At what cost? Pengorbanan: Pada apa biaya? Industrialization: New opportunities Economic growth … but also Environmental degradation Cultural loss Loss of self-reliance Industrialisasi: -Peluang baru -Pertumbuhan ekonomi ... tetapi juga -Degradasi lingkungan -Budaya rugi -Kehilangan kemandirian Kill this slide? Sabah, Malaysia mongabay.com

Are tradeoffs avoidable? Apakah pengorbanan dihindari? Brazil’s model / Brasil Model: Big country with lots of forest, biodiversity, cultural diversity Agriculture, forestry, and mining are important economic sectors Increased emphasis on sustainability Deforestation reduced 80% since 2004, per capita GDP up 37% Growing interest in ecosystem services markets ($30B/yr by 2030?) Kill this slide? -Besar negara dengan banyak hutan, keanekaragaman hayati, keanekaragaman budaya -Pertanian, kehutanan, dan pertambangan merupakan sektor ekonomi yang penting -Meningkatnya penekanan pada keberlanjutan -Deforestasi berkurang 80% sejak tahun 2004, PDB per kapita naik 37% -Tumbuh bunga di pasar jasa ekosistem ($ 30B/yr pada tahun 2030?) mongabay.com

Forum Amazon Berkelanjutan (Brazil) -Proses pemegang saham -Kalangan pebisnis di Brazil memperlihatkan kepemimpinan -Memaksa para politikus mengambil sikap tegas dalam masalah perubahan iklim dan penebangan hutan -Brazil sekarang ini mempunyai target yang ambisius untuk mengurangi penebangan hutan dan emisi mongabay.com

Protecting Biodiversity Melindungi Keanekaragaman Hayati North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Protected areas Traditional approach 11% of Indonesia, including 16% of forests (on paper) But not enough Park approach doesn’t directly deliver benefits to many people Paper parks West Papua mongabay.com

Protecting biodiversity outside parks Melindungi keanekaragaman hayati di luar taman Reduce environmental impact of commercial operations Community resource management Biodiversity-friendly landscapes Reduced impact logging Forest corridors and high conservation value forest Control fire, reduce pollution Sumatra mongabay.com

Community resource management Pengelolaan sumber daya masyarakat Community-scale management can have lower impact than industrial-scale management Agroforestry: more biodiversity than plantations, less pollution, more ecosystem services Community forestry instead of illegal logging More livelihoods per hectare Potentially compatible with REDD+ Often consistent with land rights and culture, self-reliance Community-scale management can have lower impact than industrial-scale management Agroforestry: more biodiversity than plantations, less pollution, more ecosystem services Community forestry instead of illegal logging More livelihoods per hectare Potentially compatible with REDD+ Often consistent with land rights and culture, self-reliance Central Kalimantan mongabay.com

Keys to community participation Kunci untuk partisipasi masyarakat Community mapping Secure rights to land/resources Receive compensation/block damaging projects Establish basis for understanding resource use Plan for future use: how much is enough? Is use consistent with needs, value, and culture? Government level Policy reform Transparency Engagement with companies FPIC Stakeholder involvement in planning process Grievance and conflict resolution process Monitoring and evaluation Community mapping Secure rights to land/resources Receive compensation/block damaging projects Establish basis for understanding resource use Plan for future use: how much is enough? Is use consistent with needs, value, and culture? Government level Policy reform Transparency Engagement with companies FPIC Stakeholder involvement in planning process Grievance and conflict resolution process Monitoring and evaluation Torajaland, Sulawesi mongabay.com

Lack of community participation Corruption Loss of customary knowledge and culture Relationship with land changes Ecosystem perceived as less valuable as culture dies Knowledge of value of forest disappears Inter-community conflict Money, status, land, development Conflict with companies, government Risk for companies that source from conflict areas Corruption Loss of customary knowledge and culture Relationship with land changes Ecosystem perceived as less valuable as culture dies Knowledge of value of forest disappears Inter-community conflict Money, status, land, development Conflict with companies, government Risk for companies that source from conflict areas 891 out of 967 companies were found to be operating illegally. Forest mafia task force finding. Mining compliance was 1.5% People within a community are accountable to the rest of the community Community management therefore creates accountability -Corporations: concentration of money and power may increase incidence of corruption -Corruption is costly: $17.6 billion (Rp 158.5 trillion) lost to state from illegal activities in Central Kalimantan Papua mongabay.com

Sago forestry in Tebing Tinggi Sagu kehutanan di Tebing Tinggi Community of Sungai Tohor on the island of Tebing Tinggi Sago palm grown in peat forests Grow taller when protected by forest trees; industrial cultivation results in lower yields Sago starch exported to Java and Malaysia Tebing Tinggi. Courtesy of Lafcadio Cortesi mongabay.com

US: Ecotrust ecological forestry U.S. forestry can’t compete in low value market; instead target high value market Sustainable forest management approach with 100-year concessions Revenue from timber, secondary forest products, ecosystem services (carbon), sales of conservation easements “Triple bottom line”: communities, environment, profit California mongabay.com

Why biodiversity and community participation matter Mengapa keanekaragaman hayati dan partisipasi masyarakat yang penting North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Benefits of Biodiversity Direct benefits Ecosystem services Option value New markets Manfaat langsung Jasa ekosistem Nilai Opsi Pasar baru California (USA) mongabay.com

Ecosystem services / Jasa ekosistem Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative: 99 million Indonesians dependent on ecosystem services Ecosystem services account for 21% of Indonesia’s GDP Ecosystem services account of 75% of GDP of Indonesia’s rural poor 99 juta tergantung pada jasa ekosistem Indonesia Jasa ekosistem account untuk 21% dari PDB Indonesia Jasa ekosistem rekening 75% dari PDB di Indonesia miskin pedesaan Kill this slide? North Sumatra mongabay.com

Reduce environmental problems Mengurangi masalah lingkungan Protecting forests and peatlands fights haze Healthy forests help cut water and air pollution Forests help regulate water flows, reducing the incidence of flooding and drought Mangroves buffer coastlines from erosion Protecting forests and peatlands fights haze Healthy forests help cut water and air pollution Forests help regulate water flows, reducing the incidence of flooding and drought Mangroves buffer coastlines from erosion mongabay.com

Option value / Nilai Opsi Oil palm is valuable, but it is not unique Brazil’s 5M ha of certified sustainable palm oil What’s the next oil palm? Indonesia’s biodiversity is unique and irreplaceable Once a species is lost it cannot be replaced Gastric brooding toad Oil palm is valuable, but it is not unique Brazil’s 5M ha of certified sustainable palm oil What’s the next oil palm? Indonesia’s biodiversity is unique and irreplaceable Once a species is lost it cannot be replaced Gastric brooding toad mongabay.com

New markets / Pasar Baru REDD + Lain-pembayaran untuk jasa ekosistem (air, pengendalian erosi, penyerbukan, keanekaragaman hayati) Kepemimpinan peluang bagi Indonesia Ekosistem Indonesia telah banyak karbon dan keanekaragaman hayati REDD+ Other payments-for ecosystem services (water, erosion control, pollination, biodiversity) Leadership opportunity for Indonesia Indonesia’s ecosystems have lots of carbon and biodiversity North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Trends / Tren Peraturan (pemerintah) Pasar (perusahaan) Lacey Act (USA) FLEG-T (Eropa) Biofuels standar (E.U. dan California) Pasar (perusahaan) Gambar keprihatinan CSR Membeli praktek / rantai suplai Regulation (governments) Lacey Act (U.S.) FLEG-T (Europe) Biofuels standards (E.U. and California) Markets (companies) Image concerns CSR programs Buying practices / supply chains North Sumatra mongabay.com

Trends Regulation (governments) Markets (companies) Lacey Act (U.S.) FLEG-T (Europe) Biofuels standards (E.U. and California) Markets (companies) Image concerns CSR programs Buying practices / supply chains mongabay.com

Consumer-facing companies / Perusahaan Europe, U.S., Brazil Concerned about market perception Don’t want controversy over deforestation, social conflict Chain of custody control as risk mitigation strategy Melamine scandal Beef recalls Litigation very expensive Europe, U.S., Brazil Concerned about market perception Don’t want controversy over deforestation, social conflict Chain of custody control as risk mitigation strategy Melamine scandal Beef recalls Litigation very expensive Reliable sourcing is risk mitigation strategy Melanine poisoning in China, beef recalls in the U.S.: need to know sources North Sumatra mongabay.com

Big companies making big changes Perusahaan besar membuat perubahan besar Walmart 100% RSPO palm oil by 2015 Global cattle tracking system Packaging reduction mandate CO2 emissions tracking Unilever, Nestle, Kraft, Carrefour RSPO targets The Body Shop Canceled palm oil contract with RSPO-certified supplier over social conflict (Oct 2010) Walmart 100% RSPO palm oil by 2015 Global cattle tracking system Packaging reduction mandate CO2 emissions tracking Unilever, Nestle, Kraft, Carrefour RSPO targets The Body Shop Canceled palm oil contract with RSPO-certified supplier over social conflict (Oct 2010) West Papua mongabay.com

Soy in the Amazon / Kedelai di Amazon Major contributor to deforestation Rapid expansion (1M ha in 1990, 7M ha in 2005) 2006 Greenpeace report linked Amazon soy to McDonald’s McDonald’s gave suppliers an ultimatum: clean up or lose our business Moratorium on deforestation for soy since 2006 Major contributor to deforestation Rapid expansion (1M ha in 1990, 7M ha in 2005) 2006 Greenpeace report linked Amazon soy to McDonald’s McDonald’s gave suppliers an ultimatum: clean up or lose our business Moratorium on deforestation for soy since 2006 Brazil mongabay.com

Is palm oil next? / Apakah kelapa sawit selanjutnya? Pressure from markets: Unilever, Walmart, Carrefour, Nestle Dutch government E.U. biofuels regulations Pressure from competitors (Brazil) Industry action: Golden Agri Resources (Feb 2011) RSPO / ISPO REDD+ Moratorium Degraded lands opportunity Satellite imagery = transparency? Pressure from markets: Unilever, Walmart, Carrefour, Nestle Dutch government E.U. biofuels regulations Pressure from competitors (Brazil) Industry action: Golden Agri Resources (Feb 2011) RSPO / ISPO REDD+ Moratorium Degraded lands opportunity Satellite imagery = transparency? Sabah, Malaysia mongabay.com

What are progressive companies seeking What are progressive companies seeking? Apa adalah perusahaan progresif cari? From Indonesian companies: Credible supply chains (traceability) Low or no deforestation, biodiversity loss Good community relations including FPIC and no conflict From Indonesian government: Policies that include recognition of rights and climate, biodiversity, and social safeguards (risk mitigation) Reduced corruption Obama’s enforcement of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act From Indonesian companies: Credible supply chains (traceability) Low or no deforestation, biodiversity loss Good community relations including FPIC and no conflict From Indonesian government: Policies that include recognition of rights and climate, biodiversity, and social safeguards (risk mitigation) Reduced corruption Obama’s enforcement of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Capitalizing on the sustainability shift Memanfaatkan pergeseran keberlanjutan Indonesian companies that demonstrate stewardship, good community relations are well-positioned to benefit Rich biodiversity and global concern about climate change provide an opportunity for Indonesian companies and Indonesia to lead Indonesia’s opportunity to leap-frog dirty development and achieve low carbon development Indonesian companies that demonstrate stewardship, good community relations are well-positioned to benefit Rich biodiversity and global concern about climate change provide an opportunity for Indonesian companies and Indonesia to lead Indonesia’s opportunity to leap-frog dirty development and achieve low carbon development West Papua mongabay.com

Don’t lose the good things Tidak kehilangan hal-hal yang baik Economic development brings benefits, but don’t forget what makes Indonesia unique: culture and biodiversity neither can be replaced Economic development can occur without abandoning culture. U.S.: a lot of materialism, but shift toward embracing ‘lost’ culture Focus on communities Walmart’s local sourcing program Political movements (Tea party) emphasize core values Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special Economic development brings benefits, but don’t forget what makes Indonesia unique: culture and biodiversity neither can be replaced Economic development can occur without abandoning culture. U.S.: a lot of materialism, but shift toward embracing ‘lost’ culture Focus on communities Walmart’s local sourcing program Political movements (Tea party) emphasize core values Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Tidak kehilangan hal-hal yang baik Economic development brings a lot of good things, but also bad things Don’t lose what makes Indonesia unique: culture and biodiversity. Neither can be replaced. Don’t need to abandon culture. Many cities in the U.S. have no personality Trend in U.S. is shift back toward roots and core beliefs, communitiies Political movements: Tea party Big companies: Walmart’s local sourcing Indonesia is special. There’s no reason why it can’t become a world power while maintaining what makes it special mongabay.com

Rhett Butler -- rhett @ mongabay.com Facebook: mongabay Web: indonesia.mongabay.com mongabay-indonesia (Bahasa) (Bahasa Indonesia) Twitter: @mongabay @ecobahasa (Bahasa + English) @IndoMongabay (Bahasa) mongabay.com

Sustainable Amazon Forum (Brazil) Multi-stakeholder process Brazilian business show leadership Force politicians to take strong stance on climate change and deforestation Brazil now has ambitious targets for reducing deforestation and emissions North Sulawesi mongabay.com

Cattle in the Amazon Biggest single driver of deforestation Hundreds of thousands of farmers No governance; corruption Summer 2009: transformation Led by municipalities and companies (not central government) Zero deforestation mandate from Walmart, Nike, others Brazil mongabay.com

Bolsa Floresta (Brazil) model Amazonas, Brazil Direct payments (Rp 280,000/mo/family) to communities for “making no smoke” Families attend environmental awareness training Children enrolled in school Incentives and training for bee keeping, fish farming, sustainable forest management Brazil mongabay.com

Community participation and REDD Partisipasi masyarakat dan REDD -2009 Studi: emisi yang lebih rendah di hutan-hutan masyarakat yang dikelola -Partisipasi masyarakat memberikan masyarakat saham dalam REDD -Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan 'bonus' untuk pasar -2009 study: emissions lower in community-managed forests -Community participation gives communities a stake in REDD -Community participation is a ‘bonus’ to markets Sabah, Malaysia mongabay.com