RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN Suatu “Paradigma” untuk mendekatkan riset dengan hasil riset yang dapat menjadi komoditas yang diperlukan masyarakat/pasar Pilar 1. Riset harus merancang metodologi dan bersemangat sedemikan rupa sehingga hasil risetnya segera kelak (terukur waktunya) dapat menjadi komoditas iptek yang diperlukan masyarakat/pasar – lihat diagram Pilar 2. Ilmu Pengetahuan dan teknologi ditumbuhkan terpadu dengan bersifat “Cost Center” (TEORI) mendapat dukungan dana dari yang “Surplus Center” (TERPADU) dan “Profit Center” (INDUSTRIAL). Untuk itu pengelola insentif riset perlu menciptakan mekanisme ini. – lihat diagram

RISET MENUJU KEMANDIRIAN Pilar 3 Komoditas Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi: a.Khasanah IPTEK, 1. Terbitan: Sejarah IPTEK, Filsafat IPTEK, Buku pintar, Buku teks 2. Pelatihan 3. Seminar dan Kongres b. Konsultasi c.Produk Intelektual dan produk teknologi Pilar 4. Berdasarkan 3 pilar di atas maka dapat disusun Sistem Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia di Institusi tersebut

ALUR KERJA PENELITIAN,PENGEMBANGAN DAN ALUR KERJA PENELITIAN,PENGEMBANGAN DAN PENERAPAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI PENERAPAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI MODIFIKASI MODEL MODEL TEORI RUMUSAN PERILAKU PERILAKU TEORETIK “TERUKUR” FENOMENA, RANCANGAN BARU, ATAU PERSOALAN YANG DIBAHAS COCOK? KONSEP PENGUKURAN LANGSUNG DAN TAK LANGSUNG METODE PENGUKURAN DAN PENGOLAHAN DATA INSTRUMENTASI RANCANGAN PENGUKURAN PERILAKU EMPIRIS - HUKUM ALAM, - PRINSIP-PRINSIP, - RANCANGAN DASAR HUKUM, PRINSIP- PRINSIP, ATAU RANCANGAN DASAR FENOMENA RANCANGAN BARU ATAU PERSOALAN TERJELASKAN PREDIKSI REALISASI RANCANGAN KHASANAH IPTEK TEMUAN, INOVASI, INVENSI Ya Tidak

industrial TERAPANTERAPAN TERAPANTERAPAN TEORITEORI PASAR DANA DUKUNGAN DANA Gambar 2. Kerucut (berlapis) Pertumbuhan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi I n d u st ri al

KEGIATAN PRODUKTIF TERPADU a. TRIDHARMA PERGURUAN TINGGI TERPADU, PRODUKTIF DAN TERUKUR DIKLAT. LOKAKARYA KONSULTASI, JASA IPTEK BUKU PINTAR, DSB CATATAN, BUKU PENDIDIKAN S2,S3 POST DOCTORAL Catatan : Terpadu : Kegiatan satu dharma memicu kegiatan di dharma lain Produktif : menghasilkan produk yang relevan Terukur : dalam angka kredit (karir) dan pendapatan (kesejahteraan) PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT PENDIDIKANPENELITIAN PENDIDIKAN MASYARAKAT STUDI KASUS MASALAH BARU METODE PENERAPAN DASAR YANG KUAT KHASANAH BARU

PROBLEM SOLVING RANCANGAN PRODUKSI PASAR, MASYARAKAT OPERSIONALPRODUKTIFPENERAPANIPTEK PENELITIANIPTEKALIHIPTEK KEMAMPUAN KASUS TERAPAN FENOMENA METODE DASAR YANG KUAT KHASANAH BARU CATATAN, BUKU DIKLAT DIKLAT PASCA SARJANA PASCA SARJANA POST DOCTORAL POST DOCTORAL PENGEMBANGAN IPTEK PUBLIKASI,HKI PASAR KUALITAS SDM BUDAYA CERDAS KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI/ INDUSTRI b. PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN TERPADU-PRODUKTIF-TERUKUR

Dokter Gigi & Amalgam

Toxicity and Health Effects of Mercury Dental amalgam contains about 50 % mercury, as well as other toxic metals such as tin,copper,nickel, palladium, etc. The average filling has 1 gram of mercury and leaks mercury vapor continuously due to mercury's low vapor pressure along with loss due to galvanic action of mercury with dissimilar metals in the mout, resulting in significant exposure for most with amalgam fillings Mercury vapor is transmitted rapidly throughout the body, easily crosses cell membranes, and like organic methyl mercury has significant toxic effects at much lower levels of exposure than other inorganic mercury forms According to the U.S. EPA & ATSDR, –mercury is among the top 3 toxic substances adversely affecting large numbers of people –amalgam is the number one source of exposure for most people

Mercury is the most toxic of the toxic metals Mercury (vapor) is carried by the blood to cells in all organs of the body where it: 1.is cytotoxic(kills cells 2.penetrates and damages the blood brain barrier resulting in accumulation of mercury and other toxic substances in the brain also accumulates in the motor function areas of the brain and CNS. 3.is neurotoxic(kills brain and nerve cells): damages brain cells and nerve cells 4.is immunotoxic (damages and inhibits immune T-cells, B-cells, neutrophil function, etc.)) and induces ANA antibodies and autoimmune disease 5.is nephrotoxic(toxic to kidneys 6.is endocrine system-disrupting chemical 7.exposure to mercury vapor (or methyl mercury) causes rapid transmittal through the placenta to the fetus 8.reproductive and developmental toxin 9.prenatal/early postnatal exposure affects level of nerve growth factor in the brain,impairs astrocyte function, and causes imbalances in development of brain 10.causes cardiovascular damage and disease. 11.causes immune system damage 12.causes interruption of the cytochromeC oxidase system/ATP energy 13.inhibition of immune system facilitates increased damage by bacterial, viral, and fungal infections 14.mercury causes significant destruction of stomach and intestine epithelial cells, 15.forming strong bonds with and modification of the-SH groups of proteins causes mitochondrial release of calcium

the extreme toxicity of mercury, only ½ gram is required to contaminate a 10 acre lake to the extent that a health warning would be issued by the government to not eat the fish

depression related to mercury Mercury reduces the level of posterior pituitary hormone (oxytocin). The pituitary glands of a group of dentists had 800 times more mercury than controls This may explain why dentists have much higher levels of emotional problems, depression, suicide,etc Low levels of pituitary function are associated with depression and suicidal thoughts, and appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other vulnerable groups. Amalgam fillings, nickel and gold crowns are major factors in reducing pituitary function

Elemental Mercury An average amalgam filling contains over ½ gram of mercury, and the average adult had at least 5 grams of mercury in fillings (unless most has vaporized). Mercury in solid form is not stable, having low vapor pressure and being subject to galvanic action with other metals in an oral environment within 10 years up to half has been found to have been transferred to the body of the host Elemental mercury vapor is more rapidly transmitted throughout the body than most other forms of mercury and has more much toxic effects on the CNS and other parts of the body than inorganic mercury due to its much greater capacity to cross cell membranes,

Amalgam & Pregnant Women The level of mercury in the tissue of the fetus, new born, and young children is directly proportional to the number of amalgam surfaces in the mother's mouth. The level of mercury in umbilical cord blood and placenta was higher than that in mother's blood The level of mercury in maternal hair was significantly correlated to level of mercury in nursing infants a 60% increase in average cord blood mercury level

Amalgam & the Fetus Mercury from amalgam fillings is transferred to the fetus of pregnant women and children who breast feed at levels often higher than those of the mother Mercury has an effect on the fetal nervous system at levels far below that considered toxic in adults, and background levels of mercury in mothers correlate significantly with incidence of birth defects and still births Mercury vapor exposure causes impaired cell proliferation in the brain and organs, resulting in reduced volume for cerebellum and organs and subtle deficiencies

Amalgam & the Children The saliva and feces of children with amalgams have approximately 10 times the level of mercury as children without and much higher levels in saliva after chewing. Children with amalgam fillings had urine mercury level 4 times that of a control group without amalgams a significant correlation between urine mercury level and number of amalgam fillings

Amalgam & the Dentists Subtle neurological effects have been well documented that affect most dentists and dental assistants, with measurable effects among those in the lowest levels of exposure. Mercury levels of dental personnel average at least 2 times that of controls for hair Mercury excretion levels were found to have a positive correlation with –the number of amalgams placed or replaced per week, –the number of amalgams polished each week, –and with the number of fillings in the dentist

Amalgam & the Dentists: Autopsy High body accumulation in dental workers: –levels in pituitary gland and thyroid over 10 times controls and –levels in renal cortex 7 times controls levels of mercury: –pituitary gland: 4,040 ppb. –Brain occipital cortex 300 ppb –Renal cortex 2110 ppb) –Thyroid 28,000 ppb Dental assistants and women dental workers showed higher levels of mercury than male dentists The Swedish safety guideline for mercury in urine is 5.6 nmol Hg/mmol (11.6 ug/L).

Eksitasi atom/ion gas Hg karena ditumbuk sinar ultraviolet dari “lubang ozon” (ג <240 nm) membentuk ion (+) radikal bebas Teori Hg + γ  Hg *+ + e + Gas (ג <240 nm) gas * = radikal berenergi Hg *+ + M  Hg + M *+ + h molekul energi hilang atau atom

Hg sebagai SENSITIZER diabetes gland (Pituitari) Pineal Adrenalin heavy metalBonesLeukimia Thalasemia Lupus SLE Sentisizer Hg + / Hg.+ + e - and other compounds DNA CG AT mutagenic HG ●+. DNA*/ HG ●+. damage protein damge (biradicals) (AAA ● )n cancer / HG ●+. Cancer genesis Reaction B start H2O * 8 HOdg * DNA damage * BCRA Sequence peptide forming AA associated biradicals cancer Lipid H * abstraction Lipid-O * 2 Transmembran protein * AßpeptideAPP * AA*-associated Biradicals of Amino Acid radicals (AAA ● ) Tissue deposit of rigid Terminal deposite Alzheimer disease O e 2 ↔ O e 2 (-) Oe2ΘOe2Θ Metabolism Krebs Cycle damage A mechanism A B mechanism C A

SUMBER Hg DAN LOGAM BERAT DI INDONESIA Mineral sulfida yang mengandung emas, pasti akan ada PbS, CuS, HgS…. “Placer” endapan pasir pantai dari butir-butir logam berat termasuk Hg Produksi semua minyak bumi membawaPb Produksi semua gas bumi membawa uap Hg Makanan laut Amalgam