Formulasi Manajemen Strategis (Bagian 1)

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Formulasi Manajemen Strategis (Bagian 1) M. Imam Alfie S. Kuliah perencanaan dan manajemen strategis dalam sektor publik Pertemuan 9

If you don’t know where you are going, no road will get you there If you don’t know where you are going, no road will get you there... (Yogi Barra) How can I go forward when I don’t know which way I’m facing... How can I go forward into something I’m not sure of (John Lennon)

Penetapan Visi Visi adalah pernyataan untuk menjawab “akan menjadi seperti apakah organisasi kita?” Pernyataan visi adalah gambaran tentang kesuksesan dari organisasi. Visi seringkali digunakan sebagai motivator bagi elemen organisasi untuk mencapai kesuksesan tersebut

Apa yang Menandakan Visi yang Baik? The vision statement should emphasize purposes, behavior, performance criteria, decision rules, and standards that serve the public rather than the organization and create public value. The guidance offered should be specific and reasonable. Further, the vision should clarify the organization’s direction and purpose; be relatively action oriented and future oriented; reflect high ideals and challenging ambitions; and capture the organization’s uniqueness and distinctive competence as well as desirable features of its history, culture, and values (Shamir, Arthur, and House, 1994; Weiss and Piderit, 1999; Kouzes and Posner, 2002). The vision should also be relatively short and inspiring.

Apa yang Menandakan Visi yang Baik? the vision statement should be widely circulated among organizational members and other key stakeholders after appropriate consultations, reviews, and sign-offs. the vision should be used to inform major and minor organizational decisions and actions.

Benefit dari Memiliki Visi yang Baik First, a fully developed vision of success provides a capsule theory of the organization: that is, its theory of what it should do and how it should do it to achieve success by altering the world in some important way Second, organizational members are given specific, reasonable, and supportive guidance about what is expected of them and why. They see how they fit into the organization’s big picture Third, a vision of success makes it easier for people to discriminate between preferred and undesirable actions and outcomes and thus produce more of what is preferred. Fourth, if there is an agreement on the vision and if clear guidance and decision rules can be derived from that vision, the organization will gain in power and efficiency

Benefit dari Memiliki Visi yang Baik Fifth, a vision of success provides a way to claim or affirm the future in the present and thereby to invent one’s own preferred future. Sixth, a clear yet reasonable vision of success creates a useful tension between is and ought, the world as it is and the world as we would like it to be. Seventh, a well-articulated vision of success will help people implicitly recognize the barriers to realizing that vision. Eighth, an inspiring vision of success can supply another source of motivation: clarification of a vocation tied to a calling. Ninth, a clear vision of success provides an effective substitute for leadership

Benefit dari Memiliki Visi yang Baik An agreed-upon vision may contribute to a significant reduction in the level of organizational conflict. Eleventh, a well thought out vision can help the organization stay attuned to its environment and develop its capacities to deal with the almost inevitable crises characteristic of organizational life these days. twelfth, to the extent that the vision of success is widely shared, it lends the organization an air of virtue.

Mandat dan Misi Organisasi Jika visi adalah gambaran mengenai “akan menjadi seperti apa organisasi kita di masa depan”, maka misi adalah gambaran mengenai “apakah yang kita lakukan ini” Misi melukiskan nilai dan prioritas dari sebuah organisasi Mandat, dalam konteks perencanaan strategis, adalah kewajiban dan kewenangan yang diberikan kepada organisasi dan tujuan didirikannya organisasi tersebut. Mandat dapat dilihat pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang melahirkan dan mengatur organisasi tersebut

Perbedaan Visi dan Misi Mission clarifies an organization’s purpose, or why it should be doing what it does; vision clarifies what it should look like and how it should behave as it fulfills its mission. Setiap organisasi pasti memiliki misi. Organisasi yang baik memiliki misi yang terformalkan Sementara setiap organisasi membutuhkan visi

Membuat Pernyataan Misi Untuk melakukan pembuatan pernyataan misi, organisasi perlu melakukan dua langkah utama Stakeholders analysis Mission building Stakeholders analysis diperlukan agar organisasi mengenali pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan dalam berjalannya organisasi Dalam organisasi sektor publik, mengenali stakeholders ini menjadi penting, karena umumnya stakeholders sektor publik jauh lebih banyak dan berkuasa dibandingkan di sektor privat

Stakeholders di Sektor Publik

Misi yang Baik Mission statements vary in length based on their purpose, but they are typically short—no more than a page, and often not more than a punchy slogan. They should also be targeted, activist in tone, and inspiring. And they should lead to measures that will indicate whether or not the mission is being achieved. Misi yang baik juga harus mampu menjawab enam pertanyaan kunci.

Enam Pertanyaan Kunci Misi yang Baik Who are we? What are the basic social and political needs we exist to meet, or what are the basic social or political problems we exist to address? In general, what do we do to recognize, anticipate, and respond to these needs or problems? How should we respond to our key stakeholders? What are our philosophy, values, and culture? What makes us distinctive or unique?

Tujuan dalam Perencanaan Strategi Tujuan merepresentasikan hasil-hasil yang diharapkan dari pelaksanaan strategi tertentu. Tujuan harus kuantitatif, dapat diukur, realistis, dapat dimengerti, menantang, hierarkis, realistis, dan kongruen antarunit organisasional Tiap-tiap tujuan juga harus terkait dengan garis waktu Organisasi harus menyusun strategi yang mendukung tercapainya tujuan jangka panjang Tujuan-tujuan jangka panjang akan diturunkan menjadi tujuan-tujuan tahunan

Alternatif Strategi (1) Integrasi ke Depan Memperoleh kepemilikan atau kendali atas distributor (contoh: Sosro-McDonald’s) Integrasi ke Belakang Memperoleh kepemilikan atau kendali atas pemasok Integrasi Horizontal Memperoleh kepemilikan atau kendali atas pesaing (TransTV dan Trans7) Penetrasi Pasar Mencari pangsa pasar yang lebih besar melalui pemasaran yang baik Pengembangan Pasar Memperkenalkan produk ke wilayah geografis baru (contoh: Petronas ke Afrika)

Alternatif Strategi (2) Pengembangan Produk Perbaikan produk saat ini atau pengembangan produk baru (Google Android) Diversifikasi Terkait Menambah produk baru yang masih berkaitan Diversifikasi Tak Terkait Menambah produk baru yang tidak berkaitan dengan core business (Tjiwi Kimia  Eka Hospital) Penciutan Mengurangi biaya dan aset untuk membalik penjualan Divestasi Penjualan suatu divisi atau unit dari sebuah organisasi Likuidasi Penjualan seluruh aset perusahaan

Tujuan Tahunan (annual objectives) Penetapan tujuan tahunan merupakan sebuah aktivitas terdesentralisasi yang secara langsung melibatkan seluruh manajer dalam suatu organisasi. Tujuan tahunan penting bagi penerapan strategi karena Merupakan landasan untuk alokasi sumber daya Merupakan mekanisme utama untuk mengevaluasi manajer Merupakan instrumen utama untuk memonitor kemajuan ke arah pencapaian tujuan jangka panjang Menetapkan prioritas organisasional, divisional, dan departemental Tujuan tahunan harus memiliki konsistensi tujuan horizontal dan konsistensi tujuan vertikal

Referensi Fred R. David, Manajemen Strategis, Buku 1 Edisi 12, terj. Dono Sunardi, Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 2009 John M. Bryson, Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement, 3rd Ed., San Francisco: Josey-Bass, 2004

Ilustrasi 1 Vision To be a world class national oil company   Mission To carry out integrated core business in oil, gas, and biofuel based on sound commercial principles

Ilustrasi 2 Vision Statement Mission Statement “To be a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice” Mission Statement We are a business entity Petroleum is our core business Our primary responsibility is to develop and add value to this national resource Our objective is to contribute to the well-being of the people and the nation

Ilustrasi 3 Visi In 2020, We will be one of the five largest integrated energy companies in the world and the preferred choice among our stakeholders. Misi Operate in a safe and profitable manner in Brazil and abroad, with social and environmental responsibility, providing products and services that meet clients’ needs and that contribute to the development of Brazil and the countries in which it operates.