OUTLINE SEBUAH PIDATO Pola-Pola Outline Perbedaan antara satu pola outline dan pola lainnya ditentukan olah fungsi pidatonya. Berdasarkan fungsi tersebut terdapat beberapa pola pidato sebagai berikut:

1. SEQUENTIAL PATTERN (Pola Urutan Waktu) Pola ini lazimnya dipakai apabila sebuah pidato mempunyai fungsi “memberi informasi” (to inform). Informasi yang diberikan bertalian dengan urutan kejadian atau prosedur. Judul-judul pidato yang dirancang dengan pola ini biasanya berbunyi seperti: HOW TO OPERATE COMPUTER HOW TO PLAY FOOTBALL HOW TO MAKE “BLACK-FOREST”

Di bawah ini tersaji sebuah contoh outline pidato berjudul HOW TO BE A MEMBER OF BANDUNG’S NATURE CLUB SEQUENTIAL PATTERN Speech title : How to be a member of Bandung’s Nature Club Thesis of speech: To inform attendants about membership procedures so that they can complete the process without difficulty.

I. Introduction : A. Nature’s club B. Thesis of speech steps taken C. Registration for attendants is a process that can be completed without difficulty by following certain steps.

Body/Discussion : II. The steps for completing registration include selecting forms, securing signature, turning in papers at the correct pace and having an interview. A. Proceed to Secretariat to pick up your registration B. Complete your own registration C. Sign each form D. Turn in your registration to the Secretariat E. Attend the interview at the Secretariat.

2. PROBLEM-SOLUTION PATTERN (Pola Pemecahan Masalah) Pola ini seringkali dipakai dalam pidato yang berfungsi untuk mendorong, meyakinkan, atau meminta pemirsa melakukan sesuatu. Pidato demikian mempunyai judul seperti : THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOLISM WHAT’S AHEAD OF INDONESIA? OUR EDUCATION, WHERE TO GO? INDONESIAN WOMEN’S RESPONSIBILITY TODAY Sebuah contoh outline pola pemecahan masalah diberikan berikut ini:

PROBLEM-SOLVING PATTERN Speech title :The Need for a New Elementary School building Immediate purpose : To convince audience that we should think of repairing the old elementary school building or erect a new one.

B. The need of of new school building I. Introduction : A. I am speaking on this because I am a citizen of this town and a member of the board of education. B. The need of of new school building C. There are two considerations : The present structure is inadequate from the health view-point. Owing to growth in population.

A. The present structure is inadequate, for II. Body/Discussion : A. The present structure is inadequate, for It is unsanitary, for Sewerage system is out of date Ventilation causes colds B. The present structure is overcrowded, for It has to accommodate 180 scholars. The closing of one room schools has brought in many more schools. No room for teaching of music and art III. Conclusion/ : A. We must either repair the building or build a new one. BI. We must explore the possibility of a new school building.

3. CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERN (Pola Sebab Akibat) Pola sebab-akibat digunakan untuk menyusun sebuah pidato yang menggambarkan atau menjelaskan suatu masalah dan sebab akibatnya. Walaupun ia bersifat persuasif, penekanannya atas jalan keluar dari masalah tersebut tidak setegas seperti dalam pidato dengan outline pola pemecahan masalah. Pengembangan ide utuhnya dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik “spidergram” atau “relationgram” Berikut adalah sebuah contoh outline pidato pola sebab-akibat:

CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERN Speech title. : A Survey of the Bad Effects CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERN Speech title : A Survey of the Bad Effects of Smoking Immediate purpose : To describe or explain audience about the emergence of various diseases as bad effects of smoking.

I.Introduction : a. Cigarette smoking is still popular b. The causes of cigarette smoking to our health c. Smoking brings about various lethal diseases smoking contains tar, CO, and nicotine which cause cancer, bronchitis, heart disease, amputation

II. Body/Discussion : Smoking brings about various lethal diseases. - Tar and CO (carbon monoxide) taken into the lungs cause cancer and bronchitis. -Nicotine inhaled makes heart beat faster and it finally leads to heart-disease. - Nicotine inhaled also makes arteries contract and the contraction produces blockage in the arteries which eventually needs legs amputation.

Conclusion/Closing : . We have already known what smoking means to us. The choice of not smoking is yours. Judul-judul pidato seperti berikut menunjukkan perlunya sebuah outline sebab akibat: THE INFLUENCE OF PEER GROUP ON CHILD’S BEHAVIOR THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER ON BANKING THE IMPLICATION OF GULF WAR ON OIL BUSINESS

TOPICAL SEQUENCE PATTERN (Pola Urutan Pembahasan) Pola ini untuk sebuah pidato yang bersifat persuasive maupun informative. Ia digunakan ketika pembicaraan dalam pidato dibagi ke dalam sejumlah bagian dengann pembahasan perbandingan seperti manfaat (advantages) dan mudharat (disadvantage) dari apa yang dibicarakan. Pidato dengan pola outline ini berjudul seperti : GOOD AND BAD SIDES OF BEING SINGLE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TELEVISION.

Berikut ini sebuah contoh outline pidato dengan pola ini: TOPICAL-SEQUENCE PATTERN Speech title : The Advantages and Disadvantages of TV Immediate purpose : To invite audience to measure fairly the dualistic aspects Of having TV.

I. Introduction : A. TV has been an indispensable item of our house-hold. B. Various programs are set on TV II. Body/Discussion : A. Advantages, Company for the lonely and elderly. TV is relaxing Good entertainment such as cartoons Educational: through TV you can visit place you cannot visit in real life. IV. Disadvantages, Passive entertainment: you can only sit and watch. Anti-social: you cant’t talk with TV. Anti-intellectual: you not agree or disagree with TV. TV keeps you away from real, active culture . You have to pay the TV tax. Conclusion/ : A.. While TV has its advantages and disadvantages, there is an increasing puchase of TV.

5. CHRONOLOGICAL PATTERN (Pola Kronologis) Pidato yang bertemakan riwayat hidup seseorang atau sejarah suatu kejadian mempunyai outline bersifat kronologis , seperti:

Speech title : The Life and Work of Woodrow Wilson Immediate purpose : To inform audience who Woodrow Wilson is and what he has done for his country

I. Introduction : A. Woodrow Wilson is one of the greatest leaders America ever has B. His life and Work II. Body/Discussion : A. Youth and education B. Academic life Professor President of Princeton C. Political life, Governor of New Jersey, 1911-1912 President, 1913-1915 1915-1917 1917-1921 D. Postwar years. E. Death III. Conclusion/Closing : A. Woodrow Wilson significantly contributed to America of his period

Pertimbangan hadirin membawa pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti: B. Memilih judul Pidato Terdapat dua hal utama yang perlu diperhatikan ketika kita memilih atau menetapkan sebuah pidato: Audience (hadirin) dan Occasion (kesempatan atau situasi pidato). Pertimbangan hadirin membawa pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti: Siapakah yang akan hadir? Bagainanakah latar belakang pendidikan mereka? Bagaimanakah latar belakang budaya mereka ? Apakah motif kedatangan mereka? Apakah mereka orang-orang muda atau lanjut usia? Bagaimanakah tingkat daya tangkap mereka? Apa preferensi sebagaian besar mereka? (lihat juga pada bagian Analisis Hadirin dalam Bab V)

Sebuah pidato berjudul HOW TO CHOOSE YOUR FUTURE WIFE/HUSBAND Akan lebih sangat menarik bagi kaum muda dibandingkan dengan mereka yang sudah lanjut usia. Pertimbangan situasi pidato membawa petanyaan seperti: Apakah pidato itu disampaikan dalam rangka menyambut tamu penting,memberi penghormatan terakhir kepada tokoh masyarakat yang baru meninggal,memperingati ulang tahun kemerdekaan suatu negara atau berkampanye untuk meraih suara pemilih(lihat juga bab VII). Sebuah pidato yang bersifat uraian dengan maksud memberi informasi,memecahkan masalah atau memeriksa suatu isu dapat berjudul seperti:

INFLUENCE OF…..ON….. SIGNIFICANCE OF…..ON….. TREATMENT OF…………. DIAGNOSIS OF……… MEASUREMENT OF……… STUDY OF………… EFFECT OF…..ON….. MANAGEMENT OF………. ROLE OF………….. TRIAL OF…………. INVETIGATION OF………. EVALUATION OF……….... ASSESSMENT OF…………. IMPLICATION OF…..FOR…… CONTRIBUTION OF………. SURVEY OF……………. ANALYSIS OF…………. IMPACT OF………… IMPORTANCE OF

Sebuah judul idealnya bersifat: Mencakup atau menyeluruh (concise) Informatif (informative) memuat kata-kata kunci (key words),dan spesifik. “AN INVESTIGATION OF DEMOCRATIC THOUGHTS IN THE EARLY INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE” Lebih spesifik dari pada : “DEMOCRATIC THOUGHTS” Seringkali kata-kata pertama yang menyatakan hal yang lebih umum dari judul diikuti oleh “colon” (:) atau “dash” (-) dan kata-kata yang lebih spesifik. Misalnya: RADICAL FEMINISM: ADICUSSION ON SIMON DE BOUVOIR’S THOUGHTS