Konsep & Perkembangan Jaringan Komputer Dr. Mohammad Iqbal

Outline Konsep Dasar Jaringan Tren dan Perkembangan Jaringan Apa dan bagaimana selanjutnya ?

Zaman Batu sampai Zaman Jaringan Komputer Penemuan Batu – besi -, …, - otomotif – listrik – telepon - pesawat jet -… Jaringan Komputer telah mengubah fundamental gaya hidup manusia. Tidak perlu keluar rumah, untuk : Ke kantor belanja Entertainment Pendidikan Virtual reality akan memuaskan kebutuhan kita untuk :  Games  Turisme  Sosialisasi

Mengapa Studi Jaringan Komputer itu penting? Hampir semua area komputansi adalah network-based. Contoh : Distributed computing Distributed databases Distributed storage Robotics Distributed Games Bidang yang perkembangannya sangat cepat Kesempatan karir yang luas : Google, Facebook, eBay, Microsoft, Cisco, HP, Intel, dll.

Konsep Dasar Jaringan Klasifikasi Perangkat Koneksi ke Jaringan Komputer End-user devices Network devices End-user devices perangkat yang memberikan service langsung di sisi user : Komputer, printer, scanner, dll. Network devices perangkat yang mengkoneksikan end-user devices satu sama lain untuk memungkinkan berkomunikasi.

A-Network Device Network interface card Sistem Pengkabelan Sistem tanpa kabel

A-Network Device Basic Networking Device

A-Network Device Repeater A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal. Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss due to attenuation. A repeater does not perform intelligent routing.

A-Network Device Hub Hubs concentrate connections. In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow the network to see them as a single unit. This is done passively, without any other effect on the data transmission. Active hubs not only concentrate hosts, but they also regenerate signals.

A-Network Device Bridge Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as perform basic data transmission management. Bridges, as the name implies, provide connections between LANs. Not only do bridges connect LANs, but they also perform a check on the data to determine whether it should cross the bridge or not. This makes each part of the network more efficient. 

A-Network Device Workgroup Switch Workgroup switches add more intelligence to data transfer management. Switches can determine whether data should remain on a LAN or not, and they can transfer the data to the connection that needs that data.

A-Network Device Router Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, and manage data transfers.They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them to connect LANs that are separated by great distances.

A-Network Device “The Cloud” The cloud is used in diagrams to represent where the connection to the internet is. It also represents all of the devices on the internet.

B-Topologi Jaringan Network topology defines the structure of the network. The physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. The logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.

1- Physical Topologies

2 - Logical Tipologies - Sebaran Area Data Network (LAN, MAN, WAN,)

LAN (Local-area network )

Wireless LAN Organizations and Standards In cabled networks, IEEE is the prime issuer of standards for wireless networks. The standards have been created within the framework of the regulations created by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A key technology contained within the 802.11 standard is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).

Cellular Topology for Wireless

WAN (Wide-area networks)

SAN (Storage Area Network) A SAN is a dedicated, high-performance network used to move data between servers and storage resources. Because it is a separate, dedicated network, it avoids any traffic conflict between clients and servers.

Virtual Private Network A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.

C - Bandwidth

D - OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model that would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and work together and therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.

The OSI Reference Model 7 Application The OSI Model will be used throughout your entire networking career! 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network Harus Ingat!! 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 7 - The Application Layer This layer deal with networking applications. Examples:  Email  Web browsers PDU - User Data 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer 7 Application This layer is responsible for presenting the data in the required format which may include:  Encryption  Compression PDU - Formatted Data 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 5 - The Session Layer 7 Application This layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts. Example:  Client Software ( Used for logging in) PDU - Formatted Data 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 4 - The Transport Layer 7 Application This layer breaks up the data from the sending host and then reassembles it in the receiver. It also is used to insure reliable data transport across the network. PDU - Segments 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 3 - The Network Layer 7 Application Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”. Makes “Best Path Determination” decisions based on logical addresses (usually IP addresses). PDU - Packets 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer 7 Application This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. Makes decisions based on physical addresses (usually MAC addresses). PDU - Frames 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Layer 1 - The Physical Layer This is the physical media through which the data, represented as electronic signals, is sent from the source host to the destination host. Examples:  CAT5 (what we have)  Coaxial (like cable TV)  Fiber optic PDU - Bits 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical

Tren dan Perkembangan Jaringan Komputer Network Security Mobile Networking Wireless Networking Energy Efficient Networking Multimedia Networking Datacenter Networking Next Generation Internet Topik ini berdasarkan aktivitas riset di industri seperti Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), dan Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE)

1 – Network Security No authentication: DNS attack, contoh: seluruh YouTube traffic diarahkan ke “black hole” di Pakistan. [Domain Name System (DNS) is used to convert names like www.youtube.com to Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses, e.g., 128.23.45.56] Phishing: memasukkan informasi personal di fake websites Spam Cyber warfare

Phishing Email dari bank dan layanan financial diarahkan ke fake websites,seperti http://www.bankofamerica.com sesungguhnya dikirim ke http://hackers.com Layanan “free public wireless” dapat pula mengoleksi passwords user yang akses.

Spam 200 milliar messages/hari, 88-90% adalah email. 81% spam tentang farmasi Membebani bisnis sekitar $100 miliar pada tahun 2007 Dikirimkan via Botnets dari komputer yang terinfeksi. Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam

Cyber Warfare Negara-negara melakukan penetrasi komputer satu sama lain. Merupakan domain kelima dari modern warfare (setelah darat, laut, udara dan ruang angkasa) 2009, US set up pusat komando cyber command UK, China, Russia, Israel, North Korea memiliki pusat komando yg mirip US. Pentagon menghabiskan $100 juta di 6bulan pertama 2009 untuk memperbaiki kehancuran dari cyber attacks. Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_war Contoh : Nov 2010, hackers yang mengaku sebagai “Indian Cyber Army” attacked Websites Pakistan. Des 2010, “Pakistan Cyber Army” menyerang Indian Central Bureau of Intelligence. Nov 2011, Iran menangkap 6 pesawat pengintai US

2 – Mobile Networking Smart Phones (Blackberry, iPhone, Android Phones), Net book, Laptop  Mobile komputer Mobility: tetap di dalam koneksi networking session dimanapun berada. Istilah kita : Online terus… Mobile ≠ Wireless. Wired mobility : Mulai download di kantor/kampus dan diteruskan saat di rumah Network telpon selular didesain untuk mobility tapi Internet protocol belum. Slot data ≠ slot voice

3 - Wireless Networking Wireless (WiFi) dapat tersebar dimanapun berada. Lebih banyak Cell phones dari POTS. Proyeksi Rasionya akan menjadi 4-to-1 pada 2012. Sistem pengkabelan lebih mahal dari tanpa kabel  Wireless Access Pengembangan Teknologi WIFI Saat ini : 4G: 1Gbps Metropolitan Area Networks (LTE-Advanced, WiMAX V2) Vehicular Networking (802.11p) Ad-hoc Wireless Networks TV Band (700 MHz) networking Audio/Video over Wi-Fi (802.11aa)

4 - Energy Efficient Networking Internet didesain dgn asumsi semua host up setiap waktu tanpa henti. Kita tidak bisa mematikan router kita. Industri komputer menghasilkan green house gases sebanyak industri penerbangan Satu komputer server sederhana = satu mobil SUV dengan konsumsi 15 mil/gallon (6km/liter) Kita membutuhkan desain protokol yang mengizinkan nodes untuk dapat berhenti jika tidak bekerja. Energy Efficient Ethernet: Mematikan sebagian besar sirkuit sampai bit data selanjutnya tiba Delay-Tolerant Networking: Router dapat menyimpan data jika next hop ditemukan sedang mati

5 - Multimedia Networking Trend: Audio/Video over networks Entertainment on cellular phones Home Entertainment Movies on Demand YouTube, dailymotion - VoD, live Isu: Timing and synchronization Peer to peer streaming Stream reservation Media caching

6 - Datacenter Networking Cloud Computing: Application via Internet (Google Docs) Computing via Internet (Amazon EC3) Storage and backup via Internet Isu: Inter-Cloud Provider Networking: High-speed links on demand Policy, Security, QoS issues (Multi-organizational ownership) Data Center Networking: Optimalisasi Ethernet untuk data centers Congestion control pada Multi-Gigabit Speeds Micro-seconds transaction delays

7 – Internet Next Generation Internet 1.0: Before Commercialization 20 tahun pertama (1969-1989) No Security, Optimal routing, infrastruktur kepemilikan tunggal Internet 2.0: After Commercialization 1989-2009 Security, Policy based routing: ISP, infrastruktur kepemilikan banyak pihak, tidak ada pengetahuan tipologi & sumber daya internal tiap jaringan yang terhubung Internet 3.0: 20 tahun selanjutnya Kepemilikan berdasarkan users, content (object oriented), dan host, kekuatan berbagi content dan Service Negotiation Mobility user dan distributed data (data mining system)

Trend Next generation Internet Hampir semua top 50 Internet sites adalah berbasiskan services [Alexa] Akses ke Smart Phones: BB, iPhone, Nokia, Android Apps New globally distributed services, Games, application ; Apple store, android market, BB Application… Clouds next generation, … Jaringan Komputer dibutuhkan untuk mendukung secara efisien terhadap Instalasi dan pengantaran/distribusi SERVICE Ref: Top 500 sites on the web, http://www.alexa.com/topsites

7 Fitur Kunci Internet Service 1. Replication: Multiple datacenter tampil (seakan-akan) dalam satu database besar 2. Fault Tolerance: Connect ke B jika A sedang down

7 Fitur Kunci Internet Service 3. Load Balancing: 50% untuk A, 50% untuk B 4. Traffic Engineering: 80% pada Path A, 20% pada Path B 5. Server Mobility: Memindahkan service antar clouds, Dynamic Setup  Networking sebagai Service 6. User Mobility: Gaming/Video/audio… tidak berhenti saat user berpindah tempat. 7. Security: Menjaga aspek-aspek Provenance, Authentication, Privacy, ...

Apa dan Bagaimana Kesempatan kita? E-commerce : tidak hanya pada website, tapi juga jejaring sosial Content provider Application service provider : create, customize, maintenance Internet service provider : wireless, ADSL,… Security service provider : pengawasan…

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