KUALITAS TANAH DAN PERTANIAN BERLANJUT Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA KUALITAS TANAH DAN PERTANIAN BERLANJUT Foto: smno.kampus.ub.febr2013. Bahan Kajian MK Dasar Ilmu Tanah Febr 2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Soil quality is defined by the interactions of a particular soil’s measurable chemical, physical, and microbiological properties. These properties can be managed and adjusted by farmers. Soil quality, therefore, should be distinguished from a soil’s inherent properties, which cannot be managed or adjusted by farmers. Inherent properties are determined by factors such as climate, topography, vegetation, parent material, and time. From a productivity standpoint, each soil has an innate capacity to function, and some soils will be inherently more productive than others. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

INDIKATOR KUALITAS TANAH Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 INDIKATOR KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Kualitas tanah dapat diukur dengan parameter atau indikator tertentu. Examples of such indicators are soil water-holding capacity, organic carbon content, and microbial respiration. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Indikator Biologis Some biological indicators of soil quality that are commonly measured include : Bahan organik tanah, Respirasi, Biomasa mikroba (total, bacterial, fungal, or all of these), C dan N dalam biomassa mikroba, N dapat dimineralisasi. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH - BOT Soil organic matter is that fraction of the soil composed of anything that was once alive. It includes plant and animal remains in various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and other organic substances. When the organic substances within the soil and any organic matter that has been added to it, such as compost, decompose, they produce humus—organic matter that is stable or relatively resistant to further decay. BOT Sangat penting dalam menentukan sifat dan perilaku fisika, kimia dan biologi tanah. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

FUNGSI BAHAN ORGANIK DALAM TANAH Organic matter contributes to plant growth through its effect on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Fungsi BOT : Fungsi hara, in that it serves as a source of N, P for plant growth Fungsi Biologis, in that it profoundly affects the activities of microflora and microfaunal organisms Fungsi Fisika dan Fisko-kimia, that it promotes good soil structure, thereby improving tilth, aeration and retention of moisture and increasing buffering and exchange capacity of soils.

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Respirasi Tanah Soil respiration is the creation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as organic matter decomposes in the soil. It provides a gauge of the activity of living organisms in the soil. Microbial respiration and activity are influenced by such elements as moisture, temperature, availability and degradability of organic residues, and toxic effects of various agricultural chemicals. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA C - Organik. Soil organic carbon, in particular labile (easily decomposed) organic carbon, has an overwhelming effect on soil microbial activity. Labile organic carbon makes up approximately 10 to 14 percent of total soil carbon. It is the heterogeneous mix of living and dead organic materials that are readily circulated through soil biological pools, groups of interacting organisms. C-organik ini merupakan cadangan hara dalam tanah. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Aktivitas Mikroba Microbial activity in the soil can be assessed in a number of ways. Farmers can measure the status of either the total community of micro organisms or specific members of that community. Of these two assessments, the latter is perhaps the most useful. For example, populations of predatory nematodes are good indicators of soil quality. These microscopic worm-like organisms play numerous important roles in the soil, with both negative and positive effects. Some act as primary consumers of plants—in other words, they are pests. Others act as secondary predators of bacterial and fungal feeders—they serve as beneficials in the soil. Analisis komunitas nematode merupakan salah satu cara menentukan kesehatan dan keseimbangan suatu tanah. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Earthworms. Earthworms are also good bioindicators of soil quality. Earthworm populations can tell a researcher a great deal about the structural, microclimatic, nutritive, and toxic status of soils. Large, vertically-burrowing earthworms play an important role in conserving and improving soil structure, recycling soil nutrients, pro-moting the gradual mixing of the soil layers, and creating an aeration and drain-age system in the soil. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Indikator Kimiawi Petani yang mengharapkan mendapatkan hasil tanaman secara maksimal maka ia harus menyediakan hara dalam jumlah besar. Petani mengubah dan meningkatkan cadangan hara dalam tanah dengan jalan pemupukan, membenamkan pupuk hijau, dan aplikasi bahan organik lainnya seperti kompos dan rabuk kandang. The types and proportions of amendments—and how they contribute to soil quality—largely depend on each farmer’s management principles and philosophy. In any case, soil chemistry, with its influence on the availability of nutrients to plants, plays a key role in soil quality. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Kemasaman = Acidity. Kemasaman tanah (pH) merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang mempengaruhi ketersediaan hara bagi tanaman. The major nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous) can’t effectively promote high crop yields if the soil pH is not correct. Decreasing soil pH increases the solubility of elements such as aluminum, zinc, copper, and iron. At pH values less than approximately 5.5, toxic levels of these elements may even be present in the soil. Applying lime will help to increase soil pH and thus decrease the solubility of these elements in the soil. Liming has other benefits as well. It tends to produce favorable conditions for microbial activity in soil, with such related benefits as enhanced nitrogen fixation and, in some cases, improved soil structure. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 KUALITAS TANAH Kutztown, PA Indikator Fisika Sifat-sifat fisika tanah memperngaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman melalui berbagai cara. Plant health and growth are heavily influenced by the soil’s texture, bulk density (a measure of compaction), porosity, water-holding capacity, and the presence or absence of hard pans. These properties are all improved through additions of organic matter to soils. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Qualitative Soil Quality Indicators Kutztown, PA Indikator Buruk (Jelek) Sedang Baik Earthworms 0-1 worms in shovelful of top foot of soil. No casts or holes. 2-10 in shovelful. Few casts, holes, or worms. 10+ in top foot of soil. Lots of casts and holes in tilled clods. Birds behind tillage. Organic matter (OM) color Topsoil color similar to subsoil color. Surface color closer to subsoil color Topsoil clearly defined, darker than subsoil Roots/residue/(OM) No visible residue or roots. Some residue, few roots. Noticeable roots and residue Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Qualitative Soil Quality Indicators Kutztown, PA Indikator Buruk (Jelek) Sedang Baik Subsurface compaction Wire breaks or bends when inserting surveyor’s flag. Have to push hard, need fist to push flag in. Flag goes in easily with fingers to twice the depth of plow layer. Soil tilth, mellowness, and friability Looks dead. Like brick or concrete, cloddy. Either blows apart or hard to pull drill through. Somewhat cloddy, balls up, rough pulling seedbed. Soil crumbles well, can slice through, like cutting butter. Spongy when you walk on it. Erosion Large gullies over 2 inches deep joined to others, thin or no topsoil, rapid run-off the color of the soil. Few rills or gullies, gullies up to two inches deep. Some swift runoff, colored water No gullies or rills. Clear or no runoff Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Qualitative Soil Quality Indicators Kutztown, PA Indikator Buruk (Jelek) Sedang Baik Water holding capacity Plant stress two days after a good rain. Water stress after a week Holds water for a long period of time without puddling. Drainage, infiltration Water lays for a long time, evaporates more than drains, always very wet ground Water lays for short period of time, eventually drains No ponding, no runoff, water moves through soil steadily. Soil not too wet, not too dry. Crop condition Problem growing throughout season, poor growth, yellow or purple color. Fair growth, spots in field different, medium green color. Normal, healthy dark green color, excellent growth all season, across field. Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Qualitative Soil Quality Indicators Kutztown, PA Indikator Buruk (Jelek) Sedang Baik pH Hard to correct for desired crop. Proper pH for crop. Nutrient holding capacity Soil test values dropping with more fertilizer applied than crops use. Little or slow change Soil tests trending up in relation to fertilizer applied and crop harvested. Source: Maryland Quality Assessment Book, Natural Resource Conservation Service Sumber: Soil Quality Considerations for Organic Farmers. by Keith R. Baldwin. CEFS. Center for Environmental Farming System. M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Kunci atribut tanah Tanah menyediakan kebutuhan tanaman berupa: Udara Air Unsur hara Stabilitas/ tempat berpijak Bagaimana tanaman tumbuh? Sumber: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.html DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Sifat Tanah Relevansi bagi pertumbuhan tanaman Kebasahan Water supply, exclusion of air and, consequently, exclusion of oxygen Barier Akar Controls the depth of soil available for roots to extract water and nutrients, and to anchor the plant Stoniness Stones and rocks dilute the volume of soil within the root depth that is available for water storage and nutrients Porositas Promotes stability by allowing deep rooting. Drains excess water, and circulates air to roots Status hara alamiah Controls nutrient supply and reserves Kekeringan An interaction between climate and soil attributes DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Kebasahan - Wetness When a soil is very wet for a prolonged time the supply of air to roots may be limited. This level of wetness may be observed directly, but regular episodes of wetness can be indicated by soil colour when it is not currently wet. Deskripsi sifat-sifat dalam setiap lapisan: Becak-becak berwarna karat Warna kelabu dominan Kedalaman posisi becak-becak Topsoil bergambut DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Barier Akar - Root barrier Root barriers control the depth of soil that is available for roots to extract water and nutrients, and to anchor the plant. Deskripsi siofat-sifat setiap lapisan: Lapisan berbatu sangat kompak Lapisan berbatu yang berpasir longgar Batuan Cadas keras Lapisan tanah yang kompak Kebasahan akibat muka air tanah sangat dangkal. DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Berbatu - Stoniness Stones and rocks dilute the volume of soil within the root depth that is available for water storage and nutrients. They have an especially important effect on water storage in soils in seasonally dry climates. Deskripsi sifat dalam setiap lapisan Batu atau batuan Observasi sifat : Batu atau batuan Stones range in size from boulders to fine gravel (down to 2 mm diameter). A large number of stones in the soil restricts the volume of soil that is available for roots to explore for water and nutrients. DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Porosity Soil pores are cracks or tubular holes in the soil filled with water or air. They can store water or circulate air to roots, and larger pores drain excess water. Sifat-sifat yang harus dideskripsikan dalam setiap lapisan: Tekstur berpasir Bidang batas - Weak soil strength Pola retakan Perakaran - Roots DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Status Hara Alamiah The natural nutrient status includes both the ability of soil to make nutrients readily available to plant roots and to store nutrients in reserves that will become available in the future as the soil matures. It is an expression of the fertility in the absence of fertilisers. Analisis tanah diperlukan untuk menentukan status hara tanah pada saat sekarang. Beberapa kunci penting bagi status hara alamiah (sebelum dilakukan pemupukan) dapat diperoleh dari observasi tanah di lapangan. The concepts of weathering and leaching: Weathering is the amount of change in the soil material from the original parent material. Over long periods of time (thousands of years) the original parent material decays, sand and silt particles break down into clay, iron in minerals turns to rust, percolating rain water leaches out nutrients, and acidity increases. These and many other processes lead to the formation of distinct soil layers (or horizons). These alterations are indicated by a combination of clay content, colour, and the extent of decay of any stones that may be present. DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 SIFAT TANAH UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Kutztown, PA Ketahanan Kekeringan Ancaman kekeringan biasanya merupakan faktor iklim, tetapi di daerah kering musiman, sifat-sifat tanah mempengaruhi keparahan kekeringan yang dialami tanaman. Drought is related to the amount of water stored in the soil and available for plant survival or growth. The water available to plants can be predicted by inputs from rainfall, losses by evapotranspiration and drainage, and the water storage in the soil. The focus here is only on the soil water storage in the soil. Deskripsi Sifat-sifat pada setiap lapisan Potensi kekeringan pada suatu lokasi dinyatakan dengan : Kedalaman barrier Batu-batu Tekstur berpasir DIUNDUH DARI : http://www.mwpress.co.nz/store/downloads/LRSciSeries26_4web.pdf ..... 16/2/2013 M. Barbercheck, PSU

Tanah dan Pertanian Berlanjut Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Tanah dan Pertanian Berlanjut Kutztown, PA Menjaga produktivitas dnegan jalan mereduksi input eksternal Menghasilkan jasa-jasa ekosistem Mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman Daur ulang hara Menahan dan menyimpan air tersedia Pertukaran gas Konservasi musuh alami hama dan mengendalikan hama Menyimpan karbon. Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kualitas Tanah Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Kemampuan tanah untuk berfungsi di dalam batas-batas ekosistem untuk mendukung tanaman dan ternak yang sehat, menjaga dan memperbaiki kualitas air dan udara, dan mendukung kesehatan lingkungan / manusia dan habitation. Kualitas tanah mengintegrasikan kondisi fisika, kimiawi dan biologis tanah. (Karlen et al. 1997) Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil interact in complex ways that determine its functioning and productivity. The integration of these properties and the resulting level of soil function and productivity have been referred to as soil quality Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Dalam satu sendok tanah yang sehat mengandung: Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Bacteria 100 million to 1 billion Fungi 6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end Protozoa Several thousand flagellates & amoeba One to several hundred ciliates Nematodes 10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders Arthropods Hingga 100 Cacing tanah 5 Atau lebih In agriculture, a lot of emphasis has been It is these beneficial microorganisms in the soil that are stimulated by the addition of compost that help to suppress the disease causing pathogens in the soil. How are they able to do this? Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  Travis & Gugino - PSU M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Jaring-jaring makanan dalam tanah Why all the focus on soil Organic Matter Management? Soil life is arranged as a food web based on who eats who. Trophic groups are defined by what the organism eats – the lower the level of trophic group, the more heavily it relies on it’s nutrition from the base of the food web, which is soil organic matter. Almost all groups of organisms have representatives from multiple trophic levels. Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Jasa-jasa ekosistem yg dihasilkan Organisme Tanah Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Many beneficial effects by activities of soil organisms Decomposition and mineralization Menyumbang hara tanaman (Rhizobia, Mycorrhizae) Agregasi tanah, Stabilitas agregat, dan porositas Infect, compete with or antagonize pests Actinomycetes Predatory Mite Insect-parasitic Fungus Ground and rove beetles Earthworms and other ecosystem engineers Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Apa saja kebutuhan organisme tanah? Kutztown, PA Ruangan Air Udara Makanan So, what do soil organisms, including entomopathogenic nematodes, need to survive? Pretty much the same thing we do. Space – like most soil organisms, nemas are too small to actually move soil particles – their movement is restricted to the existing pores and channels in soil. So that means your soil has to have good structure, and not be compacted for nemas to be able to live and work there. Like us, nematodes also need water, they are actually aquatic organisms – they live and move in thin water films on soil particles. I fthe soil is extremely dry they will not be able to move and will dessicate. Like us, they are aerobic organisms, they need oxygen, so if your soil is waterlogged they can’t survive. And, course, they need food – if there are no suitable host insects in your environment – they will not survive. Rose & Elliot Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Gangguan Tanah dalam Pertanian Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Tanah sawah pada musim kemarau diolah untuk menanam bibit tomat M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Beberapa Efek Pengolahan Tanah Kutztown, PA Soil organisms more abundant and more diverse in systems that reduce soil disturbance Organisms vary in sensitivity Olah tanah meningkatkan fluktuasi: Lengas tanah Suhu tanah Residu tanaman dan BOT Pencampuran tranah Kerusakan struktur tanah Risiko erosi Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 PENGELOLAAN BOT Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Akar tumbuhan Dedaunan Mulsa Rabuk kandang Kompos Pupuk Hijau Tingkat Kesetimbangan BOT tercapai Panen Oksidasi Erosi Olah tanah Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kualitas tanah: Pertanian Organik vs. Tanpa-olah Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Project, USDA, Beltsville, MD 1994-2002 Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Organic farmers often rely on tillage to control weeds. Organic production is often criticized for reliance on tillage on the grounds that is detrimental to the soil. Even though conventional wisdom tells us that tillage results in lower SOM, the results of this 9-yr trial give a different picture. It’s difficult to generalize on the effect of a single practice on the behavior of one component in a complex system. Teasdale et al., 2007. Agron. J. 99: 1297-1305. Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Rotasi Tanaman dan Pertanian berlanjut: Efek rotasi tanaman terhadap kualitas tanah dna produktivitasnya. Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA R. Weil, Univ. MD Organic farmers rely heavily on crop rotation for nutrient and pest management. Longer rotations, with perennials, had a positive effect on SOM and yield. In this series of plots, SOM had a greater effect on yield than did amount of N applied. Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Pengelolaan dan Konservasi Pengendalian Hayati Kutztown, PA Tujuan: Memperbaiki lingkungan yg sesuai untuk proses-proses dan organisme yang menguntungkan “Farmscaping”: menyediakan tanaman atau habitat, mis., pollen and nectar resources required by many insect natural enemies and pollinators refuge strips of flowering plants, hedgerows beetle banks or grassy drive lanes Tanaman tahunan Tanaman penutup tanah Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Kutztown, PA Tanaman penutup tanah dan jasa ekosistem Cover crops can enhance numbers of soil organisms Add diversity to system Add food resources for beneficial insects – pollen and nectar Seresahnya menjadi habitat bagi predator Bersaing dengan gulma Melindungi tanah Kesuburan tanah dan retensi hara Hairy Vetch Buckwheat Mustard Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  Photos: T. Pisani Gareau M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Pengelolaan pertanian untuk Kualitas Tanah dan Jasa Ekosistem Kutztown, PA Continuous resources mis. hay/pasture, tanaman tahunan, mulsa, penutup tanah, high root:shoot ratio, controlled grazing, kompos, rabuk kandang Tanaman dan ragam pengelolaannya Mis. Rotasi tanaman, refuge strips, hedgerows, polycultures, cover crops Mengurangi Gangguan Mis. woodlands/orchards, pasture, reduce or rotate tillage, refuges, tanaman tahunan atau penutup tanah, minim biosida Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Hands On BioControlPASA 2009 Jasa Ekosistem Tanah: Mineralization dan Immobilization Kutztown, PA Organisme mengkonsumsi BOT dan organisme lainnya menghasilkan limbah anorganik Hara anorganik tersedia bagi tanaman dan bersifat mobil dalam tanah Hara Organik disimpan dalam organisme tanah dan dalam bahan organik Organisme mengambil dan menyimpan hara untuk pertumbuhannya Diunduh dari: www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/.../ppt/Barbercheck-...... 12/2/2013  M. Barbercheck, PSU

Definisi Kualitas Tanah Soil Fertility Physical Properties Biological Activity “The ability of soil to function; to supply plants with adequate nutrients, have good drainage and aeration, promote root growth and biological activity.” Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

A Definition of Soil Quality Context: soil type, slope, climate……. Problems -Salinity -Low in nutrients -Erosion -Drainage Soil Quality - High OM - Tilth - Infiltration Nutrient buffering Soil is OK Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Uji tanah untuk kualitasnya: Fisika, Kimia, Biologis Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Uji Fisika – Tekstur Tanah Fill a jar 2/3 with soil. Fill the same jar about 7/8 full of water. Add detergent (optional) to break up aggregates. Dikocok dengan baik. Measure height of settling at 30 seconds, 30 minutes, and 24 hours – or -- look at particle size differences – sand, silt, and clay layers. Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Tekstur tanah ditentukan oleh bahan induk tanah, erosi masa lalu, dan deposit baru (mislanya penambahan topsoil) Tanah berpasir – good drainage, but doesn’t hold water or nutrients well. (particles 0.05 to 2 mm) Tanah Debu– moderate drainage, moderate nutrient and water holding capacity. (0.002 – 0.05 mm) Tanah Liat – poor drainage, can supply K mineral, shrink/swell with water (<0.002 mm) Semua karakteristik ini diperbaiki oleh penambahan bahan organik tanah, misalnya kompos. Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Bahan Organik Tanah BO aktif BO stabil Uji tanah untuk BO BO makro (mulch, residue, roots, large pieces of compost, etc.) BO terdekomposisi (Partikulat organik atau POM) Uji Humus Humus stabil Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Stabilitas agregat = Agregat yang stabil air Agregat yg mantap terbentuk oleh proses agregasi liat (partikel halus), yg diikuti dengan pengikatan bersama menjadi agregat makro dengan bantuan perekat hasil sekresi bakteri, hifa jamur dan akar-akar rambut. Fungsi bahan organik tanah Organic matter contributes to plant growth through its effect on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. It has a : Fungsi per-hara-an, in that it serves as a source of N, P for plant growth Fungsi biologis, in that it profoundly affects the activities of microflora and microfaunal organisms Fungsi fisik dan fisiko-kimia , that it promotes good soil structure, thereby improving tilth, aeration and retention of moisture and increasing buffering and exchange capacity of soils.

Mengukur stabilitas agregat Metode ayakan basah. Demonstrate with a few aggregates in a shallow dish. Field soil Prairie soil Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Soil biology: important, but difficult to measure. Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Biologi Tanah……. Uji biologi tanah meliputi jumlah cacfing tanah (dengan tangan), ekstraksi serangga tanah dengan cahaya di atas dan di bawah cerobong menuju jaring. No accurate tests yet for microbial species diversity. Soil respiration rate tests also available, but difficult to interpret. Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Pertumbuhan akar yang sehat memerlukan “tanah yang baik” Banyak tanaman “sakit” ternyata tidak ada penyakitnya, hanya memerrlukan perbaikan tanah/ perakarannya. Kondisi tanah yang baik juga dapat membantu melawan gangguan hama dan penyakit (seperti sistem mkekebalan pada manusia). Try to improve the subsoil and also the topsoil. Limit compaction, and keep adding organic matter over a period of years. Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

LENGAS TANAH = SOIL MOISTURE Air yang diberikan di permukaan tanah nakan menembus tanah memasuki zone perakaran, dan sebagian menembus ke lapisan yang lebih dalam hingga mencapai lapisan tanah jenuh air. the top of the saturated layer is called groundwater table or sometimes just water table Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/R4082E/r4082e03.htm ........16/2/2013

Pentingnya air bagi tanaman Air merupakan hara Air berfungsi sebagai pelarut bagi unsur hara Water have function for plant; constructor of plant body about 70 to 90%, solvent and biochemical reaction media , compound transportation media, for fission and dilation of cell, and basic compound for photosynthesis and maintain temperature plant body. Water in the plant is divided by capillary water and unavailable water. Capillary water is water between below (constant withered point) and top (field capacity). Air tidak tersedia dibagi menjadi air higroskopis dan air gravitasi (di atas kapasitas lapang) Diunduh dari : http://www.ekocomfort.ca/article-no-49-the-relation-between-water-and-plant/……….. 16/2/2013

What are the water requirements for plants? Crop use several hundred pounds of water for each pound of dry matter produced Crop Water Requirement (mm) Rice 900-2500 Wheat 450-650 Sorghum Maize 500-800 Sugarcane 1500-2500 Groundnut 500-700 Cotton 700-1300 Soybean 450-700 Tobacco 400-600 Tomato 600-800 Potato Onion 350-550 Chillies 500 Sunflower 350-500 Castor Bean 300-500 Cabbage 380-500 Pea Banana 1200-2200 Citrus 900-1200 Pineapple 700-1000 Gingelly 350-400 Ragi 400-450 Grape 500-1200 Diunduh dari : http://www.aboutcivil.org/water-requirements-of-crops.html……….. 16/2/2013

How does water enter the soil? through pores in the soil sandy soils have the largest pores, but are often filled with other material medium textured soils (loamy) have good water entry properties clays, pores swell shut when they get wet Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013 Gaya Adhesi it is the attraction of two different molecules (water to soil) Water held by adhesion = not available to the plant Gaya Kohesi Gaya tarik-menarik antara dua molekul yang sejenis (air dengan air) Air yang ditahan dengan gaya kohesi = tersedia bagi tanaman Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Pentingnya Kohesi dan Adhesi dalam tanah Molekul-molekul air diikat kuat oleh partikel mineral dan bahan organik tanah dnegan gaya adhesi Molekul-molekul air juga saling berikatan satu sama lain dengan gaya Kohesi soil holds a thin layer of water, that layer holds a thin layer of water etc., the farther away from the soil particle you get, the looser the water is held Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Pentingnya Adhesion dan Kohesion dalam tanah water then tends to move from wetter places to drier places. Roots remove water, then water is drawn from surrounding areas Pada kondisi kering, air tanah bergerak lambat dan menempuh jarak pendek, sehingga akar tanaman harus terdistribusi secara baik dan luas. Pergerakan air tanah berhubungan langsung dengan ukuran pori tanah.  Dalam tanah-tanah liat yang porinya kecil-kecil, air bergerak lambat ke semua arah, kapilaritas.  Diunduh dari : http://www.cmg.colostate.edu/gardennotes/213.html……….. 16/2/2013

Klasifikasi air (lengas) tanah 1) Air Higroskopis ditahan sangat kuat oleh partikel tanah (adhesion), sehingga tidak tersedia bagi tanaman 2) Air Kapiler, ditahan dengan gaya kohesi yang lebih besar dari gravitasi dan tersedia bagi tanaman 3) Gravitational Water is that water which cannot be held against gravity as water is pulled down through the soil, nutrients are"leached" out of the soil (nitrogen) Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

What is Field Capacity? Determining Field Capacity and Permanent Wilting Point Pada saat tanah mengandung air-tersedia paling maksimum; the greatest amount of water it can hold against gravity Diunduh dari : http://www.decagon.com/support/datatrac-3-online-help-files/……….. 16/2/2013

Apakah Titik-Layu? Tanah mengandung terlalu sedikit air, sehingga tanaman tidak mampu pulih segar kembali Akar tidak mampu mnerap air dari tanah Permanent Wilting Point: The amount of water remaining in the soil when the plant wilts in a humid atmosphere. The water remaining in the soil is held tightly by soil particles and plant roots cannot absorb it. Diunduh dari : http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/hort/news/hortmatt/2005/14hrt05a4.htm……….. 16/2/2013

Jumlah dalam tanah di antara Kapasitas lapang dan Titik Layu APAKAH Air-tersedia? Jumlah dalam tanah di antara Kapasitas lapang dan Titik Layu Air tanah yang tersedia: Jumlah air dalam tanah antara kapasitas lapang dan titik layu permanen. Generally, overhead irrigation should start before soil reaches 50% of available soil water. Drip irrigation should start before soil reaches 80% of available soil water Diunduh dari : http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/11-037.htm……….. 16/2/2013

Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013 Apakah “Water Table” ? the level beneath the soil which the soil is saturated with water marshes develop where the water table is just below the ground surface Kalau posisi “water-table” tidak terlalu dalam, biasanya “kekeringan” dapat dikoreksi dengan sendirinya melalui pergerakan air kapiler menuju ke lapisan tanah permukaan Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Apakah Kejenuhan air? Tanah jenuh air . Apakah Kejenuhan air? Tanah jenuh air Semua pori tanah terisi penuh dengan air Kondisi tidak sehat bagi tanaman, kalau berlangsung lama, karena oksigen terlarut dalam air yang diperlukan untuk respirasi cepat habis. Zone jenuh - Saturated zone. The pore space in this zone is filled with water (saturated). Depending on the length of time elapsed from the initial application of water, this zone will generally extend only to a depth of a few millimeters. Diunduh dari : http://iowacedarbasin.org/runoff/showMan.php?c1=2E-1……….. 16/2/2013

Apa yang mempengaruhi kemampuan tanah menyimpan/ menahan air? Semakin kecil ukuran partikel tanah, semakin besar luas-permukaannya, sehingga mampu menahan molekul air lebih banyak consider a book compared to all of its pages Kemampuan tanah menyimpan air (Water holding capacity, WHC) mencerminkan jumlah air yang disimpan di antara kapasitas lapang dan titik layu. Diunduh dari : http://croptechnology.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447039&topicorder=10&maxto=10&minto=1……….. 16/2/2013

Faktor-faktor yang menentukan jumlah air dalam tanah Jumlah air hujan, air irigasi Laju infiltrasi , masuknya air di permukaan tanah Kapasitas simpanan air tanah Laju ervaporasi height of water table rate which water can move within the soil amount and type of vegetation Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Bagaimana meningkatkan air tanah yang tersedia bagi tanaman? Hujan : better utilize snow and rain by keeping the water on the soil surface. windbreaks keep snow in place (cover) strip cropping contour strips grassland farming Irrigasi: may not be practical Infiltrasi air ke dalam tanah: reduce cultivation, green manures, correct alkaline soils Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Bagaimana meningkatkan air-tersedia dalam tanah? Kapasitas simpanan: Meningkatkan kandungan BOT Evaporatsi: olah tanah konservasi, Jalur naungan, strip cropping Pergerakan air dalam tanah: BOT Penutup vegetatif: Menahan air Simpanan Air Tanah The soil water storage or soil water content can be quantified on the basis of its volumetric or gravimetric water content. The volumetric water content is the volume of water per unit volume of soil, expressed as a percentage of the volume. The gravimetric water content is the mass of water per unit mass of dry (or wet) soil. The volumetric water content is equal to the gravimetric water content times the soil's bulk density (on a dry soil basis). Faktor simpanan air tanahg: Porositas dan ruang pori Ukuran pori, distribusi dan kontinyuitasnya Potensial air tanah, status energi air tanah (sumber: http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/soil/CA2/CA0211.5.php) Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013 Kebutuhan air tanaman Rasio Transpirasi: jumlah kg air yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan satu kg bhahan kering tanaman. Jagung = 350# Gandum = 500# Kentang = 630# Grass & Alfalfa = 860# It takes 4,533 gallons of water to produce enough food for one person for 3 meals. (That's 1,654,545 gallons per year) It takes 10,000 gallons of water to make one bushel of wheat It takes 7.35" of rain to make a 20 bushel per acre crop. Diunduh dari : www.ffa.cccs.edu ……….. 16/2/2013

Beberapa Web Sites yang terkait http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/ (to get to all KSU publications, soil test lab info, etc.) http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/kswater (for “Citizens Guide to Soil and Water Testing”) http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/index.html (fact sheets and other info on soil quality) http://www.woodsend.org/ (copies of other soil quality publications, compost testing) http://www.amazon.com or other book seller (for copies of “Soul of the Soil.”) Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Web Sites yang terkait http://www.woodsend.org/ (compost testing, respiration rate tests) http://www.lamotte.com (for nutrient and humus test kits) http://www.hach.com (for nitrate, pH, and ammonia test strips) http://www.3m.com (for E. coli plates, order #6484 EC plates, $70 for 50, also need pipets) Sumber: Soil Quality – Why it matters. Rhonda Janke. Assoc. Prof and Ext Specialist, KSU.

Sumber : smno.jursntnh.fpub.2013 ...pengolahan tanah dilakukan untuk memperbaiki kualitas tanah sebagai media tanam bibit …. Sumber : smno.jursntnh.fpub.2013