Seni & Ilmu Analisis Ekonomi Permasalahan Ekonomi Kepentingan Pribadi yang Rasional Analisis Marginal Metoda Ilmiah Kelemahan Pemikiran Ekonomi Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer PERMASALAHAN EKONOMI : SUMBER DAYA TERBATAS TAPI KEINGINAN TAK TERBATAS Barang & Jasa Kelangkaan Pilihan Keinginan/ kebutuhan Sumber Daya Imbalan Sumber Daya Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Barang dan Jasa & Tenaga Kerja Kapital Tanah Kewirausahaan Konsekwensi Objek nyata yang digunakan untuk memenuhi keinginan & Kegiatan yg ditujukan utk memenuhi keinginan Konsekwensi kelangkaan Upah Laba Bunga Sewa Bila jumlah yang diinginkan orang melebihi jumlah yang tersedia pada harga sebesar nol Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer Pelaku Ekonomi Pasar Rumah Tangga Perusahaan Pemerintah Luar Negeri Pasar Barang & Jasa & Pasar Sumber Daya / Faktor Produksi Analisis Mikro & Makro Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Analisis Ekonomi Rational Self Interest: Expected Cost Expected Benefit Analisis Marginal : Expected Marginal Cost Expected Marginal Benefit Pilihan Memerlukan Waktu & Informasi Analisis Positif dan Normatif Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Ilmu dari Analisis Ekonomi Teori/Model Ekonomi : Penyederhanaan dari kenyataan ekonomi yang digunakan untuk membuat perkiraan atas dunia nyata Metoda Ilmiah: 1. Identifikasi Pertanyaaan dan Penentuan Variabel 2. Spesifikasi Asumsi & Asumsi Perilaku 4. Hipotesa 5. Validitas Prediksi rata-rata Perilaku Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Exhibit 2 The Scientific Method 1. Identify the Question and Define Relevant Variables 2. Specify Assumptions 3. Formulate a hypothesis Modify Approach 4. Test the hypothesis or Reject the hypothesis Use the hypothesis until a better one shows up

Beberapa Kelemahan Analisis Ekonomi The Fallacy of Composition Efek Sekunder Association is Causation Sumber: McEachern, Ek.Makro, Pendekatan Kontemporer

Appendix Understanding Graphs Origin Horizontal axis Vertical axis Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Understanding Graphs Origin Horizontal axis Vertical axis Graph Functional relation Dependent variable Independent variable Appendix

Exhibit 4 Basics of a Graph Point a: - 5 units X - 15 units Y Point b: Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 4 Basics of a Graph 15 10 5 20 y Vertical axis Point a: - 5 units X - 15 units Y a Point b: - 10 units X - 5 units Y b Origin 20 15 10 5 x Horizontal axis

U.S. Unemployment Rate Since 1900 Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 5 U.S. Unemployment Rate Since 1900

Appendix Drawing Graphs Dependent variable Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Drawing Graphs Dependent variable Depends on the independent variable Types of relations between variables Positive; direct Negative; inverse Independent; unrelated Appendix

Schedule and Graph Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 6; Exhibit 7 Schedule and Graph Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven Hours Driven per Day Distance Traveled per Day (miles) a b c d e 1 2 3 4 5 50 100 150 200 250 150 100 50 200 Distance traveled per day (miles) 250 a b c d e Points a through e depict different combinations of hours driven per day and the corresponding distances traveled. Connecting these points graphs a line. 4 3 2 1 Hours driven per day 5

Slopes of Straight Lines Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Slopes of Straight Lines Slope Change in vertical variable For a given increase in horizontal variable Slope = Change in the vertical distance/ Increase in the horizontal distance Slope of a straight line The same value along the line Appendix

Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 8(a), (b) Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines (a) Positive relation (b) Negative relation 10 15 20 y 10 3 20 y Slope = 5/10 = 0.5 Slope = - 7/10 = - 0.7 5 10 -7 10 x 20 10 x 20 10

Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 8(c), (d) Alternative Slopes for Straight Lines (c) No relation: zero slope (d) No relation: infinite slope 10 20 y 10 20 y Slope = 10/0 = ∞ 10 Slope = 0/10 = 0 10 x 20 10 x 10

Slope, Units of Measurement, Marginal Analysis Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Slope, Units of Measurement, Marginal Analysis Value of slope Depends on units of measurement Measures marginal effects Appendix

Slope Depends on the Unit of Measure Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 9 Slope Depends on the Unit of Measure (a) Measured in feet Feet of copper tubing 6 5 $6 Total cost 1 Slope = 1/1 = 1 (b) Measured in yards Yards of copper tubing 2 3 Slope = 3/1 = 3 Output is measured in feet of copper tubing. Output is measured in yards. The cost: $1 per foot. Slope is different: copper tubing is measured using different units

The Slopes of Curved Lines Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis The Slopes of Curved Lines Differs along the curve Slope of a curved line at one point Slope of the tangent Appendix

Slope at Different Points on a Curved Line Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 10 Slope at Different Points on a Curved Line 30 20 10 40 y The slope of a curved line varies from point to point. A At point a, the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the tangent A. a At point b, the slope of the curve is equal to the slope of the tangent B. B b 40 30 20 10 x

Curves with Both Positive and Negative Slopes Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 11 Curves with Both Positive and Negative Slopes Some curves have both positive and negative slopes. y The U-shaped curve has: negative slope to the left of b slope of 0 at point b positive slope to the right of b. a b The hill-shaped curve has: positive slope to the left of a slope of 0 at point a negative slope to the right of a. x

Appendix Line Shifts Change assumptions Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Line Shifts Change assumptions Changed relationship between variables Line shift Appendix

Shift of Line Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis Exhibit 12 Shift of Line Relating Distance Traveled to Hours Driven 4 3 2 1 Hours driven per day 5 150 100 50 200 Distance traveled per day (miles) 250 f T’ d T Line T hours driven/day and distance traveled/day average speed = 50 mph Line T’ average speed = 40 mph