Masalah Ekonomi: Terbatas, Keinginan, dan Pilihan Bab 2

Dlm Bab Ini Akan Dipelajari Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Efisiensi Ekonomi Bagaimana Mencapai Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 2 Sistem Ekonomi Utk Memilih Keputusan Produksi & Konsumsi Model Circular flow

Topik Bab II Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Sumber Daya (Resources) Pengangguran & Pertumbuhan Sistem Ekonomi Model Circular Flow

Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Masyarakat Selalu Mengalami Kebutuhan Yang Tidak Terbatas …

Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Masyarakat Selalu Mengalami Kebutuhan Yang Tidak Terbatas … Tetapi Sumber Daya Terbatas…

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources Tanah (Land)

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources Tanah (Land) Modal (Capital)

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources Tanah (Land) Modal (Capital) Notes.... INVESTMENT FINANCIAL CAPITAL REAL CAPITAL

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources Tanah (Land) Modal (Capital) Human Resources Tenaga Kerja (Labour)

Sumber Daya (Resources) Property Resources Tanah (Land) Modal (Capital) Human Resources Tenaga Kerja (Labour) Kemampuan Entrepreneur

Kemampuan Enterprenuer Inisiatif Membuat Keputusan Inovasi Resiko

Sumber Pembayaran LAND RENT CAPITAL INTEREST WAGES LABOUR PROFIT & PROPERTY RESOURCES LAND RENT CAPITAL INTEREST HUMAN RESOURCES WAGES LABOUR ENTREPRENEUR PROFIT & LOSS

Terbatas (Scarcity) resources Terbatas constraints Dlm produksi

Topik Bab II Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Resources Unemployment, Growth Sistem Ekonomi The Circular Flow Model

Production Possibilities Assumes: full employment & productive efficiency Resources Tetap Technology Tetap 2 Barang pizzas symbolize consumer goods industrial robots symbolize capital goods

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES 10,000 Robot

Menggunakan resources? PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES 10,000 Robot atau 400,000 Pizza Menggunakan resources?

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES 10,000 Robot atau 400,000 Pizza Contoh....

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (dlm ratusan ribu) ROBOT 10 9 7 4 0 (dlm ribuan)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (dlm ratusan ribu) ROBOT 10 9 7 4 0 (dlm ribuan)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands)

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CURVE

Pizzas (hundred thousands) PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES Grafik 2-1 Q Unattainable A B 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C W Attainable and efficient Robots (thousands) D Robots (thousands) attainable but inefficient E Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pizzas (hundred thousands)

Production Possibilities Law of Increasing Opportunity Costs: opportunity cost naik dengan Kenaikan Produksi Jika Menambah Pizza, Mengurangi Robot illustrated...

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) Opportunity Cost 1st Pizza unit =1 Robot unit 1 (hundred thousand) pizzas “cost” 1 (thousand) robots

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) Opportunity Cost 2nd Pizza unit =2 Robot units 1 (hundred thousand) pizzas “cost” 2 (thousand) robots

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) Opportunity Cost 3rd Pizza unit = 3 Robot units 1 (hundred thousand) pizzas “cost” 3 (thousand) robots

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) Opportunity Cost 4th Pizza unit = 4 Robot units 1 (hundred thousand) pizzas “cost” 4 (thousand) robots

PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES PIZZA 0 1 2 3 4 (in hundred thousands) ROBOTS 10 9 7 4 0 (in thousands) Opportunity Cost 1st Pizza Unit = 1 Robot Unit Opportunity Cost 2nd Pizza Unit = 2 Robot Units Opportunity Cost 3rd Pizza Unit = 3 Robot Units Opportunity Cost 4th Pizza Unit = 4 Robot Units the more pizzas we make, the more each one costs, in terms of robot units foregone

Production Possibilities Law of Increasing Opportunity Costs: as we make more pizzas, the # of robots we have to give up (per pizza) increases so production possibilities curve gets steeper and steeper

costs 1 robot unit 1st pizza unit

2nd pizza unit costs 2 robot units

3rd pizza unit costs 3 robot units

the more pizza we make, the more robots we have to give up  the steeper the curve

Topik Bab II Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Resources Unemployment, Growth Sistem Ekonomi Model Circular Flow

Pizzas (hundred thousands) Production Possibilities Curve Grafik 2-2 Q Unemployment & Underemployment Di Titik U 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Robots (thousands) Robots (thousands) U Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pizzas (hundred thousands)

Pizzas (hundred thousands) Production Possibilities Curve grafik2-3 Q Unemployment & Underemployment Di Ttitik U 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 U Robots (thousands) Robots (thousands) Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pizzas (hundred thousands)

Production Possibilities Curve Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Bergeser Ke Sebelah kanan Disebabkan Oleh.... 1. Pertambahan Dlm resource supplies 2. Kenaikan technology

Pizzas (hundred thousands) PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES garfik 2-4 A’ Q 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Economic Growth B’ C’ Robots (thousands) D’ E’ Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pizzas (hundred thousands)

Topik Bab II Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Resources Unemployment, Growth Sistem ekonomi Model Circular Flow

Economic Systems resource allocation methods differ according to: resource ownership co-ordination method

Sistem Pasar Swasta Pemilik Resources Aksi Independen Pembeli dan Penjual Peranan Pemerintah Terbatas

Sistem Komando socialism, communism government Memiliki resources Perencanaan Terpusat

Chapter 2 Topics Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Resources Unemployment, Growth Sistem ekonomi Model Circular Flow

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 BUSINESSES

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 RESOURCE MARKET BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS RESOURCES INPUTS BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 RESOURCE MARKET BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS $ COSTS $ INCOMES RESOURCE MARKET RESOURCES INPUTS BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 RESOURCE MARKET BUSINESSES PRODUCT $ COSTS $ INCOMES RESOURCE MARKET RESOURCES INPUTS BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS GOODS & SERVICES GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCT MARKET

Circular Flow Model Grafik 2-5 RESOURCE MARKET BUSINESSES PRODUCT $ COSTS $ INCOMES RESOURCE MARKET RESOURCES INPUTS BUSINESSES HOUSEHOLDS GOODS & SERVICES GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCT MARKET $ CONSUMPTION $ REVENUE

Topik Bab II Fondasi Ilmu Ekonomi Resources Unemployment, Growth Sistem ekonomi Model Circular Flow

Permintaan dan Penawaran Berikut Permintaan dan Penawaran Bab 3