Bahan kajian MK. STELA LANDUSE ECONOMIC Malang, smno April 2013 Bahan kajian MK. STELA LANDUSE ECONOMIC Malang, smno April 2013

The Market and Land Use

Why is a particular piece of land used in aparticular way ? One piece of land used for agricultural production, Another for an industrial site, and A third piece of land used for office blocks. QUALITY & LOCATION of a piece of land KUALITAS LAHAN Kualitas lahan merupakan konsep “fungsional”, harus didefinisikan dalam kaitanhnya dengan aktivitas tertentu pemanfaatannya/penggunaannya. Kualitas lahan untuk memproduksi tanaman tgt pd iklim, topografi, tipe tanah, dan kesuburannya; semua faktor ini berpengaruh pd pertumbuhan tanaman, biaya produksi dan biaya panen. Setiap aktivitas penggunaan mempunyai persyaratan tertentu. LOKASI LAHAN Teori lokasi lahan ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh von-Thunen dari Jerman. Teori ini berdasarkan pada biaya angkut hasil panen pertanian ke pasar. Nilai lokasi = f (biaya transportasi, jarak riil)

QUALITY OF LAND A : lahan kualitasnya rendah unt memproduksi jagung B : lahan kualitasnya medium C : lahan kualitasnya tinggi. (a) Revenue & Cost Net revenue Total revenue Cost of production A B C (b) ceiling rent Low Kualitas lahan High

LOCATION OF LAND Teori Lokasi ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh von Thunen. Nilai lokasi sebidang lahan ditentukan oleh jaraknya dari pusat pasar; Jarak ini akan menentukan biaya transportasi hasil produksi lahan (a) Revenue, Cost, Ceiling rent (Rp/ha) Ceiling rent Cost of transport Total revenue Cost of production PasarJarak ke pasar (b) cost of transport Kentang Daging Pasar jarak ke pasar

LOCATION OF LAND Asumsinya: Kualitas lahan sama Petani kentang akan bersedia menyewa lahan di dekat pasar dengan nilai sewa yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan peternak sapi potong (a) Ceiling rent (Rp/ha) Daging Kentang X O X Jarak ke pasar Pasar Jarak ke pasar Daging Daging Kentang Pasar

Interaksi Lokasi - Kualitas Lahan Biaya transportasi biasanya dipengaruhi oleh: 1. Aksesibilitas lahan thd jalur komunikasi / transport yg baik 2. Biaya transportasi meningkat linier dg jarak ke pasar 3. Kualitas lahan tidak seragam 4. ……. (a) Harga pasir atau batu bahan bangunan (Rp/ton)Revenue & cost (rp/ton) Harga pasir di pasar P Revenue per ton pasir dikurangi biaya transpor ceiling rent Q Extraction cost Lokasi A Lokasi B Pasar Jarak ke pasar Lokasi B mempunyai kualitas lebih baik untuk penambangan pasir dan batu, shg biaya ekstraksinya lebih murah

Industrial vs Urban Land- Use Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Biaya transportasi bahan mentah 2. Biaya distribusi hasil produksi ke pasar 3. Lokasi optimum  Total Biaya transport minimum Transport Cost per ton produce (Rp) (a). Heavy industry Total transport cost Transport cost of raw materials Transport cost of product Raw MaterialJarak Market Biaya jagung(b). Usahatani Jagung Total biaya Biaya distribusi Biaya produksi Lahan usahaJarakPasar

Ceiling rent for Urban- sites Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Lokasi Toko A dan Toko B identik, hanya Toko A lokasinya lebih dekat dengan pusat kota 2.Q A : Permintaan barang di toko A dg harga P 3. Q B : Permintaan barang di toko B dg harga P Harga barang PDemand at A Demand at B Q B Q A Kuantitas barang Rp/ha ceiling rent operating cost Total revenue A B Pusat Kota Jarak

Urban Ceiling rent vs Landuse Concentric landuse zoning : 1. The central zone is devoted to offices, dept. Store, commercial uses, etc. 2.Industry, residential uses, ets 3. Agriculture Ceiling rent Offices Manufacturing, Warehouses, Industry Residential agriculture Town centreJarak Industry & Warehouses Offices Residensial Industry Pertanian

Land Use Planning Land use planning Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) Tiga fase dalam LSA : 1. Asses the requirements of potential activities 2. Determine the capability of the land resources 3. Match land resources capability to the needs of society Agricultural Land Use Planning (Teladan dari Young & Goldsmith) Enam alternatif penggunaan lahan adalah: 1. Annual cropping4. Natural forest 2. Perennial cropping5. Plantation forest 3. Livestock6. Tourism & Recreation. (1). Asses requirements of potential activities Persyaratan Arable Cropping di Malawi (Young & Goldsmith, 1977) Karakteristik lahanPersyaratanLimitasiDiagnostic measure DrainageFreePoorKelas drainase tanah Bahaya erosiNil/LowHighSlope; Soil permeability index Zone perakaranDeep soilShallow soilKedalaman efektif Easy root penetrationPoorTekstur / Struktur Retensi haraHighLowKTK

Land Use Planning (2). Determine the capability of land resources Aerial photography to identify areas characteristics Ground analysis to asses the diagnostic features of land unit Data management Analysis & interpretasi Suitability of land unit for arable cropping (Young & Goldsmith) Land unit Drainase Bahaya erosi Zone perakaran Suitability LilongweMainly free drained Nil to Low Very good (deepHighly suitable (75% free, (Slope < 3%) well structured soil)(S1) 25% imperfect) ThiwiMainly freeLow to medium ModerateMarginally (Slopes 6o) Soil depth < 100 cmsuitable (S3) DedzaFreeMedium to high Poor (Shallow soils)Permanently mountains(steep slopes) not suitable (N2) Kesesuaian unit lahan untuk suatu aktifitas dinilai pd kisaran sekala: 1. S1 : Highly suitable 2. S2 : Moderately suitable 3. S3: Marginally suitable 4. N1: Currently not suitable 5. N2: Permanently not suitable.

Land Use Planning (3). Match land resource capability to the needs of activities Hasil LSA menyatakan “production possibility” untuk setiap land unit, belum mencerminkan “the best allocation” Alokasi penggunaan lahan lazimnya melibatkan kebijakan pembangunan daerah, sehingga seringkqali harus ada trade-off dalam pengambilan keputusan Suitability of land units Land unit Annual PerennialLivestockNaturalPlantationTourism and croppingcroppingforestsforestsrecreation Lilongwe S1N2S2n.a.S2n.a. Thiwi S3N2S2S2S2n.a Dedza- N2N1/N2S2S3S1S2 mountains Kelemahan LSA dari perspektif ekonomi: 1. Existing versus potential capability 2. Location, biasanya berkaitan dengan biaya transportasi dan konservasi SDA 3. External effects, biasanya berkaitan dengan pencemaran lingkungan

The Market and Land Use An Introduction to Regional Economics ( Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani) The foundations for a systematic understanding of the principles of land use were laid more than a century and a half ago by a scientifically minded North German estate owner named Johann Heinrich von Thünen. 9 He set himself the problem of how to determine the most efficient spatial layout of the various crops and other land uses on his estate, and in the process developed a more general model or theory of how rural land uses should be arranged around a market town. The basic principle was that each piece of land should be devoted to the use in which it would yield the highest rent. 9

The Market and Land Use The Interaction of the Land Use and Transportation Markets in the MEPLAN Framework Source: Johnston, Rodier, Choy, and Abraham (2000).

CONCEPTS OF LAND SUITABILITY LAND PROPERTIES: (*) Land Quality (*) Land characteristics LAND PROPERTIES: (*) Land Quality (*) Land characteristics LANDUSE: (*) Requirement LANDUSE: (*) Requirement DYNAMIC ANALYSIS : (*) Landuse Systems (*) Agroecological Zoning DYNAMIC ANALYSIS : (*) Landuse Systems (*) Agroecological Zoning

What Is Land-Use Planning? As population and human aspirations increase, land becomes an increasingly scarce resource, calling for land-use planning. Land-use planning is important to mitigate the negative effects of land use and to enhance the efficient use of resources with minimal impact on future generations. Land-use planning is defined as a systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and the economic and social conditions

LAND-USE PLANNING Land and water resources are essential for farming, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, urban development, transport infrastructure, and other environmental functions. The increasing demand for land, coupled with a limitation in its supplies, is a major cause for more conflicts over land use throughout the world. The Watershed Perspective Each type of land use has a varying effect on the hydrologic cycle, thereby affecting the people and the natural resources on a landscape. A watershed perspective can be used to scientifically study the effect of land uses on water and downstream ecosystems. A watershed is defined as a topographically delineated area drained by a stream system; that is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point.hydrologic cycle A watershed acts as a receiver, collector, and conveyer of precipitation on a landscape. Land uses affect these pathways by altering surface runoff and groundwater infiltration, thereby changing the quantity and quality of water resources.groundwater Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human

IMPACTS AND BENEFITS OF LAND USES Natural vegetation, such as forest cover, is usually the most benign of land uses, with higher infiltration and reduced runoff rates. The opposites of forest cover are urbanized areas, where large surface areas are impermeable, and pipes and sewer networks augment the natural channels. The impervious surfaces in urban areas reduce infiltration and can reduce the recharge of groundwater. In addition, urban runoff contributes to poor water quality. Agricultural activities are major forms of land use, including row crops, rangelands, animal farms, aquaculture, and other agribusiness activities. Cropping activities involve soil and water manipulation through tillage and irrigation, thereby affecting runoff water and groundwater resources. If improperly used, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in agricultural operations can affect water resources and ecosystems.aquaculture Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human

LAND-USE PLANNING A typical planning process involves the following steps: Establishing goals and a baseline; Inventorying and organizing resources; Analyzing problems; Establishing priorities and alternatives; Checking for land suitability; Evaluating alternatives and choosing the best option; Developing a land-use plan; Consulting and implementing the plan; and Revising the plan. Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human Planning.html#ixzz1f2OMNkXKLand-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, humanhttp:// Planning.html#ixzz1f2OMNkXK

LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION, AND GROWTH The complex relationship between transportation, land use, and growth in a REGION context. It describes the causes of growth generally and the link between transportation and growth specifically. Highway projects can affect the location, rate, type, or amount of growth in an area. Some types of development may be directly induced by a project (e.g., projects serving specific types of land development). However, most land use changes in a REGION are not direct consequences of a highway project, but rather occur indirectly due to changes in travel time and increased land accessibility in areas that may be ripe for development. The result may be a change in spatial distribution of development over time, such as commercial development around a new highway interchange. These types of growth-land use-transportation relationships are more complex and difficult to analyze than those for a project specifically designed to encourage or facilitate land use change and development.

FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT Source: FHWA May An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning. An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning

GENERALIZED PROFILE OF LAND USE BY ECONOMIC VALUE.

EKONOMI GUNA-LAHAN Land has some characteristics that make it quite different to other goods: 1. There is a fixed supply (vertical supply curve), and 2. It is costless to produce (the producer surplus starts at a price of zero).

The Supply and Demand of Land Undeveloped land, or ‘pure’ land, refers solely to the land mass provided by nature. For example, the land mass across the earth’s surface, or more particularly the area of a Local Authority District, can be considered to be in fixed supply. Remember, your economics supply and demand curves – the land supply curve would be a vertical line on the graph where the x-axis is quantity and the y-axis is price.

..LANDUSE CHANGE.. Land use changes can have positive and negative effects on human well-being, and on the provision of ecosystem services (great increases in the human population and density, increased productivity, higher incomes and consumption patterns, and technological, political and climate change). Indeed, activities such as agriculture, forestry, transport and housing use land and alter its natural state and functions. Also, many environmental problems are rooted in the use of land; it leads to climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air.biodiversity

Economic Rent = Price of Resource in its Native State Among the factors of production, land is fundamentally different from labor and capital, because the supply of labor and capital depends on its price in the marketplace while the supply of land does not. Land rent has no incentive function because the supply of land is not dependent on the rent paid. Land rent is considered to be a surplus payment, because even if no rent was paid, land would still be available.

Economic Rent and The Market for Land The price of a one- acre parcel of land is determined by the intersection of a vertical supply curve and the demand curve for the parcel. The sum paid for the parcel, shown by the shaded area, is economic rent.

Land Use Change: Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Drivers The analysis of land use change revolves around two central and interrelated questions: "what drives/causes land use change" and "what are the (environmental and socio-economic) impacts of land use change".

Components of land suitability assessment The assessment of land quality for a specific type of land use should be based on land use requirements and constraints. Such requirements and constraints are then used as the basis for establishing what are termed ‘evaluation criteria’ or ‘decision criteria’. The matching procedure (FAO, 1976) then gives rise to a ranking of the potential of land for a given purpose, whether categorical or continuous grades.

LAND SUITABILITY INDEX. There are at least two important groups of land attributes for land suitability analysis: inherent qualities of soils and external characteristics. The former are soil attributes which have the function for accommodating plant growth, while the latter are those determining the level of ‘workability’ (FAO, 1976), runoff, sedimentation, and erosion in the catchment.

Factor rating of land quality for low land rice The land qualities to be used in this evaluation thus include a number of land characteristics : 1.Water Availability (W), 2.Nutrient Availability Index (NAI), 3.Water and Nutrient Retentions(R), 4.Salt Hazard (S) and 5.Topography (T) Selengkapnya lihat: r/Application/ArticleView.aspx ?aid=145#sthash.8WT6KYuv.d puf

. Suitability evaluation of rice. The diagnostic factors of each thematic layer were assigned values of factor rating. The evaluation model is defined using the value of factor rating as follows: Suitability = W x NAI x R x S x T. These five layer are then spatially overlaid to produce a resultant polygon layer. Application of the model to the resultant layer yields a suitability map with 4 classes according to the resultant values proposed in the following table. Value Evaluation Highly suitable (S 1 ) Moderately suitable (S 2 ) Marginally suitable (S 3 ) <0.025Unsuitable (N) - See more at:

Land suitability evaluation for watershed pond A hierarchical modeling scheme with multi criteria land evaluation (MCLE) and multi objectives land allocation (MOLA) to evaluate suitability of location for watershed pond aquaculture and to resolve associated conflicts.

ECONOMY OF LAND USE ECONOMY OF LAND USE