Journey to the center of the earth.

Presentasi berjudul: "Journey to the center of the earth."— Transcript presentasi:

1 Journey to the center of the earth

2 Radius rata2 6,371.0 km Radius ekuator 6,378.1 km Radius kutub
Earth, Planet Earth, the World, Terra Radius rata2 6,371.0 km Radius ekuator 6,378.1 km Radius kutub 6,356.8 km Luas permukaan 148,940,000 km² land   (29.2 %) 361,132,000 km² water (70.8 %) Volume ×1012 km³ Massa 5.9736×1024 kg Densitas rata2 5.5153 g/cm³ Earth facts and figures

3 Chemical/Compositional layers
Inti Core Mantel Mantle Kerak Crust Chemical/Compositional layers

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5 CRUST OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST Kerak benua

6 CRUST KOMPOSISI Granitik; kaya Si dan Al, miskin Mg dan Fe
OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST kerak benua KOMPOSISI Granitik; kaya Si dan Al, miskin Mg dan Fe Diorit dan basalt di bagian bawah KETEBALAN km DENSITAS g/cm kubik UMUR Tua; paling tua 4.4 Ga

7 CRUST KOMPOSISI Basaltik; kaya Mg dan Fe, miskin Si dan Al
OCEANIC CRUST kerak samudera CONTINENTAL CRUST kerak benua KOMPOSISI Basaltik; kaya Mg dan Fe, miskin Si dan Al KETEBALAN km DENSITAS g/cm kubik UMUR muda; paling tua 200 Mya

8 MANTLE KOMPOSISI Peridotit KETEBALAN 2.890 km POSISI 10 km-2900 km
= upper mantle = lower mantle DENSITAS g/cm kubik - 80% volume bumi MOHOrovicic discontinuity layer batas kerak dan mantel

9 INTI KOMPOSISI Besi (88%), nikel (5.8%), Sulfur (4.5 %)
1 % trace elements TEMPERATUR º C DENSITAS g/cm kubik POSISI km KETEBALAN km INTI

10 O 46% Si 28% Al 8% Fe 6% Mg 13% Ca 2.4% K 2.3 % Na 2.1% Fe 35 % O 30 %
Other <1% Fe 35 % O 30 % Si 15 % Mg 13 % Ni % S 1.9% Ca 1.1% Al 1.1% elements (by weight)

11 Physical/Mechanical layers
Litosfer Lithosphere Astenosfer Asthenosphere Mesosfer Mesosphere Inti dalam Inner core Inti luar Outer core Physical/Mechanical layers

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13 LITOSFER lithosphere KETEBALAN 100-150 km
PENYUSUN kerak dan mantel atas SIFAT Solid. Rigid. Brittle.

14 ASTENOSFER asthenosphere
KETEBALAN km TEMPERATUR C DENSITAS g/cm kubik PENYUSUN mantel SIFAT Solid. Ductile.

15 MESOSFER mesosphere POSISI 300-2900 km PENYUSUN mantel
KOMPOSISI peridotit TEMPERATUR av C DENSITAS g/cm kubik SIFAT Solid makin ke dalam, struktur kristal makin kompak Transitional Mantle I: km Transitional Mantle II: ~ km

16 Gutternberg discontinuity
POSISI km KOMPOSISI Besi, nikel, 10% lighter elements DENSITAS 9.9–12.2 g/cm kubik TEMPERATUR C SIFAT Liquid Gutternberg discontinuity INTI LUAR outer core

17 INTI DALAM inner core POSISI 5200-6371 km
KOMPOSISI Besi, nikel, lighter, trace elements DENSITAS 12.8–13.1 g/cm kubik TEMPERATUR K SIFAT Solid. Lehmann’s discontinuity

18 WATCH OUT LITHOSPHERE

19 More about earth’s layer
100 350 2900 5200 6371 2900 35 More about earth’s layer html

20 Plate tectonics theory

21 VERTICAL MOTION due to local difference of mantle’s heat rate
James Hutton VERTICAL MOTION due to local difference of mantle’s heat rate

22 Tapi… ada hal-hal yang ga bisa dijelaskan!

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25 Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930)
Aha! Saya punya teorinya! It is_ PLATE TECTONIC THEORY Alfred Lothar Wegener ( )

26 litosfer Mantel atas Litosfer, yang terdiri atas kerak benua atau kerak samudera dan mantel atas, mengapung di atas lapisan Astenosfer, lapisan batuan cair. Itulah lempeng tektonik_

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28 Volcano distribution

29 And they are MOVING???? How? WOW, MEREKA bergerak! How come???

30 Kalau menurut saya sih,,,. konveksi inilah yang menggerakkan kerak bumi.

31 Source: Dietmar Muller, Sydney University

32 di ?

33 ?

34 Volcano distribution

35 THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

36 India-Australian Plate
Eurasian Plate Pacific Plate 12 cm/yr 5-6 cm/yr India-Australian Plate ACTIVE TECTONICS of INDONESIA: Crustal motions from GPS study (Bock et al, 2004)

37 Today’s researches show something different.
Sorry, Sir. Today’s researches show something different. HEH??

38 (continent-continent)
DIVERGENT New ocean basin Sea floor spreading (ocean-ocean) SWF Rift valley (continent-continent) SWF

39 PEMEKARAN SAMUDERA ATLANTIK

40 THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

41 Banyak gempa bumi di sepanjang transform fault
Lempeng A Lempeng B REAL WORLD : rough surfaced stuffs Banyak gempa bumi di sepanjang transform fault

42 THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

43 EQ 1906 EQ 1984

44 ocean-ocean,continent
CONVERGENT ocean-ocean,continent ocean-continent Subduction zones New ocean basin continent-continent

45 THE MAJOR LITHOSPERIC PLATES

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48 Siklus berlangsung beberapa ratus juta tahun
GERAKAN LEMPENG SUPERBENUA RIFTING ( PERETAKAN / PEMISAHAN ) SUBDUCTION (PENUNJAMAN) COLLISION (TUMBUKAN) SHEARING/TRANSFORM (BERPAPASAN) SIKLUS WILSON SPREADING (PEMEKARAN SAMUDERA) Siklus berlangsung beberapa ratus juta tahun

49 Hot-spots. SWF

50 Hotspots around the world

51 That’s all…Thanks!

52 Mau tantangan baru?

53 WHY?

54 Theia. A CHEMICAL THING WHY THE EARTH HAS SO MUCH IRON?

55 Permainan pressure A PHYSICAL THING #1 WHY A PART IS LIQUID/DUCTILE WHEREAS ANOTHER IS RIGID?

56 A CHEM-PHYS THING WHY THE FARTHER THE DENSER?
Gas releasing 1st forming. GRAVitational settling A CHEM-PHYS THING WHY THE FARTHER THE DENSER?

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58 Video: Formation of the earth ****watch by urself
Structure of earth: chemical-physical - Why different? How could we know? I mean, we haven’t dig till even Moho video of Moho drilling project One by one - The composition. Why it can be like onion??? relation with Theia The magnetosphere: thanks to our liquid core, but… Interlude: good movie, journey to the center of the earth (trailer) The plate tectonics theory before plate tectonic The early evidences? Continental drift, sea floor spreading. What is “the plate”? what mechanism drive these big plates? THE CONVECTION Let’s see some of them type of contacts? And results? Assumptions Mantle plume: lil’ hotspots. Problems plate tectonics face?