Debu di Lingkungan Industri

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1 Debu di Lingkungan Industri

2 Bahaya Debu… Dapat memasuki tubuh lewat inhalasi, ingesti, dan kulit
Luasnya permukaan yang dapat menyerap debu (luas paru-paru orang dewasa = m2, dan kulit 2 m2). Luas permukaan debu semakin besar dengan semakin halusnya ukuran debu. Misal 1 cm3 quartz murni bila ditumbuk halus menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, maka terbentuk debu sebanyak 1012 dengan luas permukaan 6 m2 dibanding dengan asalnya 6 cm2. Volume benda padat yang dihaluskan akan bertambah, karena adanya celah di antara partikel di dalam massa. Misalnya, konsentrasi debu di udara sebesar 50 mppcf berasal dari 1 cm3 zat yang dihaluskan menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, di udara akan memenuhi volume ft3.

3 Bahaya Debu… dengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain.
Debu dalam industri ukurannya sangat bervariasi dengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain. Jika apabila ada debu di sekitar proses industri, dan orang dapat melihatnya, maka kemungkinan besar debu yang lebih halus pun terdapat banyak di sekitar itu.

4 Efek debu terhadap kesehatan
Bervariasi… tergantung jenis, sifat kimia-fisika debu. Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapa kasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor-pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosis parah. Keracunan sistemik: Hg, Pb, Mn, Cd, Be, dll. Zat organik.

5 Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Metal fume fever: Zn, Mg. Alergi: tepung, kayu, dll. Bakteri, jamur: Anthrax dari wool dan tulang, jamur dari kayu, bagasse. Iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan: asam, alkali, Cr, dll. Kerusakan jaringan organ dalam: zat radioaktif, Ra, dll.

6 Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Keracunan Pb: Biasanya kronis Keracunan Beryllium: Biasanya parah, disebabkan oleh Be fumes dan Be terikat pada debu. Be-fluorida juga berbahaya. Demam logam: merupakan penyakit akut, jangka pendek, terutama disebabkan Zn dan Mg dengan oksida logamnya. Gejala timbul 12 jam setelah eksposur dengan demam dan menggigil. Sembuh dalam satu hari, bila pekerja kembali kerja, maka kemungkinan besar ia takkan memperlihatkan keracunan lagi, tetapi apabila sudah lama tidak kena kontak dengan uap logam, maka penyakin akan berulang.

7 Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Alergi: terjadi pada orang yang peka terhadap zat kimia, makanan, obat, dll. Reaksi dapat berupa asthma, hay fever, hives. Eksposur dalam konsentrasi kecil mungkin tidak menimbulkan reaksi alergi, tetapi segera ia tidak kontak untuk jangka waktu cukup lama, maka ia akan bereaksi alergi bila terekspos. Bakteri dan fungi: anthrax yang masuk ke paru-paru dapat mengakibatkan pulmonary anthrax. Debu radioaktif: menimbulkan kerusakan organ internal Debu pengganggu: yang tidak langsung menimbulkan masalah.

8 Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis: paru-paru (pneumon) berdebu (conio)
Pneumoconiosis secara khusus: mengerasnya jaringan paru-paru akibat terjadinya fibrosis secara berlebih, disebabkan oleh iritasi debu Penyebab: semua debu, asap, uap logam, dan gas dapat menyebabkan iritasi dan fibrosis Semakin lama pemaparan  makin banyak fibrosis  terjadi sesak napas (inefisiensi paru-paru)

9 Mekanisme kerja Debu silika masuk paru-paru  sel makrofag mencoba menghancurkannya  karena silika tidak dapat dihancurkan/lisis kerusakan sel Sel rusak diganti jaringan ikat  terjadi fibrosis Jaringan ikat berlebih  jaringan paru tidak elastis, tidak dapat berfungsi dalam respirasi, pembuluh darah akan terpotong/tertutup jaringan ikat  vaskularisasi berkurang  Efek sesak napas, lemah, kekurangan oksigen, ekspansi dada berkurang MK TL3220 Keslingker

10 Pneumoconiosis… is a disease of the lungs caused by long-term breathing of dust, especially certain mineral dusts. Forms of pneumoconiosis include black lung disease (coal worker's pneumoconiosis), silicosis, and asbestosis. The disease typically results from working in a mine for many years, but factory work and other occupations can expose people to the ill effects of breathing dusts.

11 What Causes Pneumoconiosis?
Only microscopic-size dust particles, about 1/5,000 of an inch across or smaller, are able to reach the tiniest air sacs (the alveoli) in the lungs. There they cannot be removed, and accumulate to cause a scarring and thickening of the lungs called fibrosis. Eventually, the lungs begin to lose their ability to supply oxygen to the body.

12 Jenis-jenis Silicosis = pneumoconiosis akibat silika (SiO2)
Asbestosis = pneumoconiosis karena asbestos Anthrocosilicosis = disebabkan karena kombinasi antrasit/karbon/C dan silika Lain-lain: mica-pn-is (mica), kaolinosis (kaolin), bauxite-pn-is (bauxite), Shaver’s disease, bagassosis (bagasse = sisa tebu), karena talcum, Barium, Besi (siderosis)  Semua proses crushing, grinding, polishing, berbagai mineral, pulverized material MK TL3220 Keslingker

13 THE WAR AGAINST BLACK LUNG
The prevalence of black lung disease did not begin to decrease until it became clear that the cause was excessively high levels of coal dust in mines.

14 Asbestosis… comes from breathing tiny asbestos fibers in mining, building construction, and other industries

15 What Happens When People Have Pneumoconiosis?
Because pneumoconiosis usually takes 20 or 30 years to develop, workers often do not notice symptoms until they are over 50. The main symptoms are coughing and difficulty in breathing, which gradually increases. Complications include emphysema and increased risk of tuberculosis. Asbestosis patients are more likely to develop lung cancer, especially if they smoke cigarettes. Damaged lungs make the heart work harder, and heart problems can accompany severe cases of pneumoconiosis.

16 Gejala Sesak nafas, yang disebabkan oleh berkurangnya efisiensi paru-paru dalam mengambil oksigen. Contoh: Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis dan Silicosis yang diakibatkan oleh debu asbes dan silika.

17 Debu Asap Uap Uap logam Gas
Pneumoconiosis: Mengerasnya jaringan paru-paru akibat fibrosis berlebih karena iritasi debu. Asbestosis Silicosis Debu Asap Uap Uap logam Gas Fibrosis

18 Fibrosis…. is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process.

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20

21 Ukuran 5-10 μm 3-5 μm 1-3 μm 0,1-1 μm ?

22 Ukuran partikel 5-10 μm tertangkap pernafasan bagian atas
3-5 μm tertangkap pernafasan bagian tengah 1-3 μm tertangkap pada alveoli (paru-paru bagian dalam) 0,1-1 μm mengikuti gerak brown dan akan terbawa keluar kembali.

23 Deposisi partikulat Debu yang masuk paru-paru (2-5 mikron)
Ukuran kecil mudah masuk tetapi mudah keluar lagi dari paru-paru Tergantung ukuran aerodinamik partikel  dapat memasuki: nasopharyngeal  tracheo bronchial  pulmonary Sample dari impinger dianalisis ukuran dan prosentasi silika bebasnya MK TL3220 Keslingker

24 Pengukuran Mengukur debu melalui metode ‘impingement. Alatnya Impinger Impinger dapat digunakan untuk mengukur debu ruangan + dapat juga sebagai personal sampler pada breathing zone (mengukur debu masuk ke paru-paru pekerja).

25 Pengukuran Impinger dapat untuk debu ruangan umum, atau personal sampler pada breathing zone pekerja Debu yang dikumpulkan: udara setelah settlingdebu besar tidak masuk Jangan mengukur/mengambil sample udara pada proses produksi debu Semua debu udara (air borne dust) perlu diperiksa: komposisinya, ukuran debunya, dan % silika bebas Metode: petographic, XRD= X ray diffraction MK TL3220 Keslingker

26 Ada Pertanyaan?

27 Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:
?

28 Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:
Metal Pouring into the Grinding Assembled Mold   

29

30 Manufacturers commonly use asbestos in the following products:
Products containing asbestos cement - Pipes, shingles, clapboards, sheets Vinyl-asbestos floor tiles Asbestos paper in filtering and insulating products Material in brake linings and clutch facings Textile products - Yarn, felt, tape, cord, rope Spray products used for acoustical, thermal, and fireproofing purposes

31 Examples of occupations associated with asbestosis
Insulation workers Boilermakers Pipefitters Plumbers Steamfitters Welders

32 Silicosis Semakin banyak silika bebas dalam debu semakin parah
Karakteristik khas silicosis: fibrosis yang merata di seluruh paru-paru, sesak napas, ekspansi paru-paru berkurang, kapasitas kerja menurun, tidak demam, menjadi peka tehadap TBC MK TL3220 Keslingker

33 Faktor penentu silicosis
Konsentrasi dan jenis debu % silika bebas dalam debu Senyawa silika Ukuran debu terinhalasi Lamanya terpapar Daya tahan tubuh seseorang Ada/tidaknya penyakit komplikasi MK TL3220 Keslingker

34 Kandungan silika Silika yang berbahaya: silika bebasnya, bukan silika yang terikat pada senyawa lain atau SiO2 MATERIAL % NORMAL SiO2 Cetakan cor-logam 50-90 pottery 15-25 komposisi genting dan tegel 10-35 batuan untuk jalan 0-80 kapur 0-3 feldspar 12-25 tanah liat 0-40 mica 0-10 talk 0-5 MK TL3220 Keslingker

35 Ket: mppcf=million particles per cubic feet, atas dasar 40 jam/minggu
NAB MATERIAL KEGUNAAN NAB (mppcf) Crystaline free silica Heatresistant processes, filter, keramik, metal polish, dll Rumus Amorphous free silica insulation, filler, absorbent Silika gel absorbent, drying dll 20 mppcf Silikat: Asbotis, clays, feldspar keramik, glass, abrasive, cement, insulation, fetilizer Asbestos: 5, clays: 50, feldspar: 50 Fuller's earth, kaolin, mica, Portland cement, silicon carbide, talc, vermiculite filter medium, stoneware, tile, keramik, electrical insulation, construction material, abrasive, plaster, filler, fertilizer, catalyst carrier, dll. 50 Ket: mppcf=million particles per cubic feet, atas dasar 40 jam/minggu MK TL3220 Keslingker

36 Asbestosis Asbestos bersifat karsinogenik
Bila debu yang masuk banyak asbestosis cepat Asbestos masuk sedikit, paparan lama  pekerja tidak menderita asbestosis, tetapi di masa datang kemungkinan menderita kanker karena asbes Kanker akibat asbestos yang terkenal: mesothelioma, kanker pada selaput paru-paru Bentuk asbestos: kristal seperti jarum -> mudah ikut udara inspirasi (sangat aerodinamik), menembus paru-paru sampai pada selaputnya Mesothelioma pertama kali ditemukan pada pekerja perkapalan di Schiphol, Belanda MK TL3220 Keslingker

37 Penentuan konsentrasi debu
Penentuan konsentrasi debu (C) dalam udara untuk yang bekerja 8 jam/hari, 40 jam/minggu adalah: C (mppcf) = 250 5 + %kristal SiO2 dlm udara

38 Contoh TLV debu di lingkungan kerja
Bahan TLV (mppcf) Quartz Asbestos Mica Portland Cement Talc 2,5 20 50

39 Treatment…. The only treatment is to avoid smoking and further exposure to dust, and to treat complications.

40 Imaging Studies: Radiography Computed tomography scan
Chest radiographs are basic and required diagnostic imaging studies. The International Labor Office standardized classification of radiographic abnormalities is useful in grading the extent of disease in asbestosis and in other pneumoconioses. Computed tomography scan CT scan is useful in delineation of pleural or pleura-based abnormalities (eg, effusion, thickening, plaque, malignant mesothelioma, rounded atelectasis).

41 Other Tests: Pulmonary function tests
Diffusing capacity reduction may precede lung volume changes, but findings from a diffusing capacity measurement are not specific. Besides diffusing capacity reduction, the earliest physiologic abnormality is exertional hypoxemia. Total lung capacity is reduced in asbestosis and in other restrictive disorders. Using spirometry, vital capacity typically appears reduced, without a reduction in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1-to-FVC).

42 Hubungan antara volume dan kapasitas paru-paru
C F D E G Keterangan: A = kapasitas paru-paru total (TLC) B = volume cadangan inspirasi (IRV) C = tidal volume (TV) D = volume cadangan expirasi E = volume residual (RV) F = kapasitas vital (VC) G = kapasitas residual fungsional (FRC) C+B = kapasitas inspirasi (IC)

43 Prevention Pneumoconiosis can be prevented by enforcing maximum allowable dust levels in mines and at other work sites, and by using protective masks. Regular medical examinations, including chest x-rays for people at risk, can detect pneumoconiosis during its earlier stages, before it becomes disabling.

44 Ada Pertanyaan?

45 Metoda Pengontrolan ?

46 Selection Methods of Control

47 Metoda Pengontrolan Isolasi Ventilasi setempat/ LEV Ventilasi umum
Metoda basah/ pengendalian kelembaban Alat Pelindung Diri (APD)

48 Metoda Pengontrolan Ventilasi lokal (Local Exhaust Ventilation), langsung dekat pada sumber kontaminan Ventilasi umum (General ventilation), untuk sumber kontaminan yang tersebar dan tidak terlalu berbahaya Perlindungan perorangan (personal protection), berupa perlindungan pernafasan dengan masker, desain sebaik mungkin jika perlu diberi supply oksigen.

49 Isolasi Paling efektif: Isolasi dengan LEV, dan ruang bertekanan negatif (debu tidak keluar apabila dibuka) Tidak mungkin apabila pekerja harus dekat dengan alat Alat besar tanpa perlu pekerja  mudah diisolasi. Pekerja pakai APD bila masuk MK TL3220 Keslingker

50 LEV LEV = Local Exhaust Ventilation/ventilasi setempat
Di tempat debu diproduksi dalam jumlah besar LEV kombinasi dengan ruang tertutup  sangat efektif Contoh: LEV menghisap debu dari proses casting shakeout di suatu pengecoran, menghisap fume dari proses welding dan grinding MK TL3220 Keslingker

51 Substitution Replacement of a toxic material with a harmless one
Substitution of solvent Experiment on a small scale before making the new solvent part of the operation or process Carbon tetrachloride  methyl chloroform, dichloromethane, aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons. Benzene  toluene (paint remover) Foundries using parting compounds that contain free silica (minimize silicosis)

52 Changing the process Often offers an ideal chance to improve working condition Changes are made to improve quality or reduce cost of production only occasionally to improve the in-plant environment

53 Examples Automobile industry
The amount of lead dust created by grinding solder Small, rotary, high speed sanding disk low speed, oscillating-type sanders Brush painting or dipping instead of spray painting will minimize the concentration of air borne contaminants from toxic pigments Arc welding in place of riveting, vapor degreasing with adequate controls to replace hand-washing of parts in open container

54 Examples Airless spraying techniques and electrostatic devices to minimize overspray as replacements for hand-spraying Machine application of lead oxide to battery grids which reduced lead exposure to operators in making storage batteries Before purchase the new machine, should be considered : Ventilation Vibration Heat control

55 Isolation or Enclosure
Some potentially dangerous operations can be isolated from the people nearby, which solves the exposure problem Physical barrier By time (semi automatic equipment) By distance (remote control) Enclosure will prevent or minimize the escape of solvent vapor into the workroom atmosphere Where highly toxic solvents are used, enclosure should be one of the first measures attempted after considering substitution.

56 Examples Shipbuilding : using dry sand
isolation the process Off shift : few employees, should wear an air supplied respirator Radium dial painting, gloves booths Airless blast or shoot blast machines for cleaning castings, and abrasive blasting cabinets In chemical industry : using closed system Mechanical industries : complete enclosure from sand blasting or metal spraying operations

57 Isolation & enclosure

58 Wet methods Dust hazards can frequently be minimized or greatly reduced by application of water or other suitable liquid at the source of dust Simplest methods for dust control. Its effectiveness, however, depends upon proper wetting of the dust Kelembaban udara dengan NAB sekitar 75% dapat mengurangi jumlah debu di udara examples : rock drilling operation, foundries  sandblasting

59 Local Exhaust Ventilation
A local exhaust system traps the air contaminant near its source so that a worker standing at the process is not exposed to harmful concentrations Should be used when the contaminant cannot be controlled by substitution, changing the process, or isolation or enclosure

60 Its performance should be checked
Correct rates of air flow Duct velocities Negative pressures The others

61 A Local exhaust system consists of four part
Hood : the air borne contaminant is drawn Ducts : carrying the contaminated air to a central point An air-cleaning devices : a dust arrestor for purifying the air before it is discharged A fan : create the required air flow through the system

62

63 Local exhaust system Duct
Single duct, hanya melayani satu sumber pengotor Multiple duct, bercabang

64 Velocity contour

65 Principles of hood design..1
Enclose the operation as much as possible to reduce the rate of air flow needed to control the contaminant (Picture A) Always locate a hood so the contaminant is moved away from the breathing zone of the operator (Picture B) Locate and shape the hood so the initial velocity of the contaminant will throw it into the hood opening operator (Picture C)

66 Principles of hood design…2
Solvent vapors in health-hazard concentration are not appreciably heavier than air. Capture them at their source rather than collect them at the floor level (Picture D) Locate the hood as close as possible to source of contaminant (Picture E) Design the hood so it will not interfere with the worker

67 Picture A The more completely the hood enclosed the source, the less air is required for control in this straight-line automatic buffing operation

68 Picture B : Direction of air flow
BAD GOOD The hood should be located so the contaminant is removed away from the breathing zone of the worker

69 No protection from toxic fume

70 Picture C BAD GOOD THE HOOD SHOULD BE SO LOCATED AND SHAPED THAT THE ORIGINAL VELOCITY OF THE CONTAMINANT WILL THROW IT INTO THE HOOD OPENING