Bahan Kajian MK. STELA-smno.jtnh fpub .NOP2013

Bahan Kajian MK. STELA-smno.jtnh fpub .NOP2013
VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA LAHAN Bahan Kajian MK. STELA-smno.jtnh fpub .NOP2013

LAHAN = SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI
Lahan merupakan sumberdaya ekonomi yang meliputi sumberdaya alam yang ada di dalam ekonomi nasional. This resource includes timber, land, fisheries, farms and other similar natural resources. Land is usually a limited resource for many economies. Although some natural resources, such as timber, food and animals, are renewable, the physical land is usually a fixed resource. Nations must carefully use their land resource by creating a mix of natural and industrial uses. Dengan menggunakan lahan untuk tujuan industri memungkinkan suatu bangsa memperbaiki proses produksinya untuk mengolah sumberdaya alam menjadi barang konsumsi. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

SUMBERDAYA LAHAN Dalam Ekonomi, lahan meliputi semua sumberdaya alam yang suplainya tertentu (terbatas). Misalnya lokasi-lokasi geografis, barang tambang, dan lokasi orbit geostationer serta bagian-bagian dari spektrum elektromagnetik. Sumberdaya alam merupakan basis bagi produksi barang, termadsuk barang modal. Nilai Lokasi tidak boleh dicampur-adukkan dnegan nilai-nilai akibat dari perbaikan kapital. Dalam ekonomi klasik, “lahan” dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tiga faktor produksi (yaitu lahan, kapital dna tenagakerja). In some cases, land may be merged with capital due to the relatively small importance that land has in industrial and service sectors. Income derived from ownership or control of natural resources is referred to as rent. Diunduh dari Sumber:

LAND….. Lahan merupakan sumberdaya ekonomi yg meliputi sumberdaya alam yg digunakan dalam proses produksi. Dalam ekonomi klasik, ada tiga faktor produksi yaitu lahan, tenaga kerja dan modal. Land was considered to be the “original and inexhaustible gift of nature.” In modern economics, it is broadly defined to include all that nature provides, including minerals, forest products, and water and land resources. While many of these are renewable resources, no one considers them “inexhaustible.” The payment to land is called rent. Like land, its definition has been broadened over time to include payment to any productive resource with a relatively fixed supply. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI NILAI LAHAN
ATRIBUT FISIK LAHAN, include quality of location, fertility and climate; convenience to shopping, schools and parks; availability of water, sewers, utilities and public transportation; absence of bad smells, smoke and noise; and patterns of land use, frontage, depth, topography, streets and lot sizes. GAYA-GAYA LEGAL ATAU PEMERINTAH, include the type and amount of taxation, zoning and building laws, planning and restrictions. FAKTOR SOSIAL, include population growth or decline, changes in family sizes, typical ages, attitudes toward law and order, prestige and education levels. GAYA-GAYA EKONOMI, include value and income levels, growth and new construction, vacancy and availability of land. It is the influences of these forces, expressed independently and in relationship to one another, that help the people and the assessor measure value. Diunduh dari Sumber:

http://www.lpi.nsw.gov.au/valuation/land_valuation_process …
PROSES VALUASI LAHAN Valuations undertaken by Land and Property Information on behalf of the Valuer General for rating and taxing purposes. These values refer to the value of the land only, they do not include the value of your home or other improvements. “Nilai Lahan” biasanya tidak mencerminkan keseluruhan harga-jual yg dapat diperoleh dari semua “asset” atau “properties” yang ada di lahan. Diunduh dari Sumber:

METODE VALUASI LAHAN Penjualan Property menjadi faktor sangat penting dalam menentukan nilai lahan (lahan perkotaan non-pertanian). Lahan di perkotaan “New South Wales” dinbilai dg menggunakan valuasi massa, dimana “properties” dinilai dalam kelompok-kelompok yg disebut komponen. “Properties” dalam setiap komponen adalah serupa atau diharapkan mencerminkan perubahan nilai dg cara yang serupa. Representative properties in each component are individually valued as at 1 July each year to determine how much the land value has changed from the previous year. The change is then applied to all properties in the component to determine their new land values. Sample valuations are then checked to confirm the accuracy of the new values.

METODE VALUASI Selama proses valuasi, “penilai” menganalisis penjualan “vacant land” dan “improved properties”, melakukan penyesuaian untuk nilai-tambah perbaikannya itu. The value of improvements is their worth as reflected by the real estate market in an area. The value of improvements is generally not equal to their replacement or insurance value. Kalau valuasi massal tidak cocok, maka penilai akan menilai property secara individual. Unsuitable sales, for example those between related parties, are not used to determine land values.

METODE VALUASI LAHAN Pada saat membandingkan nilai-jual property dengan lahan yang dinilai, penilai biasanya mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti: Kondisi pasar property Penggunaan lahan yang paling bernilai tinggi Lokasi lahan Constraints on use such as zoning and heritage restrictions Land size, shape and land features such as slope and soil type Nearby development and infrastructure Views Factors such as personal circumstances, council rates and land tax liability are not considered yet , when determining and values.

PENGGUNAAN LAHAN Dalam valuasi-lahan, biasanya sebidnag lahan dinilai dalam kaitannya dengan penggunaannya yang paling praktis. Penetapan nilai suatu lahan harus memperhitungkan penggunaannya yang paling praktis. Where development of the land exceeds current zoning and planning restrictions the higher existing use must be taken into consideration by valuers when determining land values. KEMUDAHAN -EASEMENT “Easement” ADALAH HAK LEGAL YANG DIPUNYAI oleh pemilik sebidang lahan , lebih dari bidang lahan lainnya. Valuasi lahan tidak mempertimbangkan “easements”, as the valuations are required to be made on the hypothetical basis that the land is free of impediments to title. However, the physical effects of an easement, for example transmission lines, access roads and pipes laid for drainage, will be reflected in the land value.

Value and Price of Land PENDAPATAN DARI LAHAN
As indicated above, land has value because it may give rise to a stream of future incomes which consist of a volume of goods, services and satisfactions which accrue to the owner. In other words, the material value of a land depends upon the goods and services emanating from it. Obviously, these earnings will not necessarily come from the land in the strict sense, but from the property as a whole (e.g. land and buildings) which is related to it. It is the stream of income or earnings, both tangible and intangible that can be converted into a fund which is the value of the property. Besarnya “dana” suatu nilai lahan hanya dapat ditetapkan dnegan memasukkan situasi obyektif pasar dan dinyatakan dalam bentuk “harga” yang harus dibayar oleh pembeli dan diterima oleh penjual pada kurun waktu tertentu. (FAO, 2003). Diunduh dari Sumber:

Pendapatan dari Lahan Value and Price of Land
Di lingkungan pedesaan, lahan menjadi basis utama untuk produksi tanaman dan sumber suplai pangan secara umum. Land allows growing trees and forests for fuel-wood and shelter, to store water for human consumption and irrigation. It provides space for living, construction and the development of a variety of social activities. Lahan mempunyai nilai-produksi; ini merupakan komoditi primer dan asset komersial. Diunduh dari Sumber:

Value and Price of Land Pendapatan dari Lahan
Ada perbedaan yang jelas antara nilai alamiah (produktif) dan nilai ekonomi (real-estate) atau ekologi (nature conservation, environment) dari suatu lahan. The former (PRODUCTIVE VALUE) deals with a value pertaining to the knowledge of the natural physical properties of the soil and their impact on production. The second (economic value) emphasizes also on expected benefits which are not necessarily linked to its present use and production potential, as well as on the stabilizing role of land in an inflationary money market. Diunduh dari Sumber:

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VALUE AND PRICE OF LAND
Potensi produktif alamiah dan pilihan penggunaan lahan, dan kombinasi atau derivasinya, merupakan dua determinan utama dari nilai dna harga lahan. Selain itu, suplai dan demand lahan, persepsi tentang manfaat masa depan juga mempengaruhi pembentukan harga lahan di pasar fungsional. The inherent production potential is the primary factor of land value in a rural environment, where food supply from arable land, timber production from forests, or cattle raising from grassland are the main objectives. Optional land use in a changing land market is the main component in urban and peri-urban areas. In such areas, social activities concentrate more on the transformation of primary goods, the provision of services (secondary and tertiary activities of the economy) and residential use of space. Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

Establishing the Value of Land NILAI-PRODUKTIF
The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. NILAI EKONOMI Nilai ekonomi lahan pertanian terdiri atas nilai-produktif dan nilai tambahan modal (capital gain). NILAI-PRODUKTIF The productive value of land is determined by the land’s ability to generate a financial return. To estimate the productive value, or the return to land, all income and costs (cash and non-cash) must be accounted for. There are four steps to determine land's productive value: Estimasi income kotor dari lahan yang dibeli. Estimasi semua biaya produksi, EXCEPT for interest on the land. Determine the return to land (Step 1 minus Step 2). Divide the return to land by the capitalization rate. Diunduh dari Sumber:

Establishing the Value of Land
The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. ESTIMASI GROSS INCOME Gross income on the land to be valued should be based on the crop rotation to be followed using long-term average yields for the management level that applies, and the long-term market price of the grain. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. BIAYA PRODUKSI Estimasi biaya produksi industri atau pemerintah tidak perlu mencerminkan situasi individual. Mengingat besarnya ragam praktek pertanian, rotasi tanaman, tipe tanah dan iklim, produsen harus menghitung biaya-biaya ekspektasinya sendiri. The cost of production should include an estimate of all costs associated with the land to be valued, except for an interest charge on the land investment. This would include all cash costs, such as seed, fertilizer, machinery repairs, taxes, etc., and non-cash costs, such as depreciation on buildings and machinery, interest on building and machinery investment, and an allowance for labour and management. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. BIAYA PRODUKSI Kalau tersedia, petani harus menggunakan estimasi berdasarkan data/catatannya masa lalu dan kecenderungannya. An estimate for cash expenses such as seed, fertilizer and chemicals will need to be based on the condition of the land being valued and the crop rotation being planned. Other cash expenses, such as machinery, fuel and repairs, insurance, etc., can be based on the costs per acre on the existing land, with the assumption that the costs on the new land will be similar. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. BIAYA PRODUKSI Biaya-biaya bukan tunai (interest and depreciation on buildings and machinery) harus ditentukan untuk keseluruhan usaha pertanian dan kemudian dinilai guna menentukan tambahan lahan yang dibeli. This procedure accounts for the non-cash costs on the existing buildings and machinery, plus the non-cash costs on additional buildings and machinery that are acquired as a result of the land purchase. Diunduh dari Sumber:

Establishing the Value of Land Keuntungan ke Lahan - Return to Land
The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. Keuntungan ke Lahan - Return to Land “Return to land” merupakan income-kotor minus biaya operasional, depresiasi dan “interest costs” untuk bangunan dan peralatan, dan anggaran untuk tenagakerja dan pengelolaan. Interest paid on term loans should not be included in the operating costs. Small variations in crop yields and prices can have a dramatic effect on the return to land. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict prices accurately, and yields can vary significantly in the short run. Therefore, several calculations should be made using different yield and price assumptions. The range of results provides a basis for assessing the risk involved in buying land. This is often called sensitivity analysis. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. KAPITALISASI Kapitalisasi adalah konversi keuntungan atau pendapatan di masa mendatang dari lahan menjadi nilai ekonomi saat ini. By using the appropriate capitalization rate, farmers can estimate the value of land. The capitalization rate should be the rate of return that could be earned on other investments. Tingkat minimumnya adalah pendapatan atas tabungan, sedangkan tingkat maksimumnya adalah suku bunga bank atas pinjaman. Diunduh dari Sumber:

Example: Establishing the Value of Land The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. . The capitalization procedure converts future returns into today's value. For example, if the goal is to earn a six-per-cent annual return on an investment in land with an expected net income of $15 per acre, the value of the land would be $250 per acre. The capitalization formula is as follows: Productive Value of Land = Annual Return to Land Capitalization Rate Productive Value of Land = $15 per acre 0.06 = $250 per acre Diunduh dari Sumber:

Establishing the Value of Land Nilai Tambahan (penumpukan) Modal
The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. Nilai Tambahan (penumpukan) Modal Nilai produktif bukan satu-satunya faktor yg dipertimbangkan ketika menentukan nilai ekonomi suatu lahan. Pertimbangan penting lainnya ialah jumlah “capital gain’ yang mungkin dapat direalisasikan kalau lahan dijual. To incorporate expected capital gain into the economic value formula, reduce the capitalization rate used by the expected annual rate of capital gain. For example, if the capitalization rate is estimated to be six per cent (as in the example) and the annual capital gain is expected to be one per cent, then the adjusted capitalization rate would be five per cent (6%-1%). Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. . The formula to determine the economic value of land (with the productive value adjusted by a potential capital gain) is: Economic Value of Land = Annual Return to Land (Capitalization Rate – Annual Capital Gain) In the above example, the economic value of land is: $ – .01 or $ = $300 per acre The economic value of land is equal to the productive value plus its capital gain value. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. NILAI NON-EKONOMI Faktor non-ekonomi mempengaruhi nilai lahan. Misalnya, seorang pembeli lahan mau membayar lebih-mahal untuk dapat tingal di lokasi komunitas tertentu. A farmer may place more value on land that is adjacent to land already owned. Land may be of interest to some buyers because of its aesthetic value – it may be located near a river or a picturesque creek. Dalam beberapa kasus, petani dan bukan-petani bersaing untuk menggunakan lahan. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. NILAI PASAR Land’s "market value" refers to the price of transactions between informed buyers and sellers. It is always recommended that you hire an accredited appraiser in cases where an accurate valuation needs to be done. You can, however, get a good idea of market value by doing some analysis yourself. The technique to determine market value is to use "comparable sales" of similar property in the same area. When doing so, it is extremely important to compare properties that are very similar in every way, and to examine the conditions and terms under which these properties were sold. It is important to obtain as many comparable sales as possible, as the more information, the more accurate the average becomes. It then becomes the simple process of calculating the average selling price, usually per cultivated acre, or per forage acre, or per grazing acre. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. Beberapa faktor yg dipertimbangkan ketika mencari pada nilai jual yang setara: Proximity is important. How close are the comparable properties to the one that is being sold? If the properties are too far away, it may not reflect your “local” market for land. Comparable properties should, as much as possible, have the same soil types, similar topography, and similar stones and sloughs; those things that change how much someone views a property to be worth. Determine the motives of the purchasers of the comparable sales. A purchaser buying land adjacent to his/her farm may be prepared to pay more. Improvements to property, such as buildings, make comparison of land more difficult. It is often better to use bare land sales only. Sales between relatives or close friends should not be used for comparative purposes because they may not reflect market conditions. Adjustments should be made if there are differences in the number of cultivated acres per quarter-section. In fact, as stated above, the comparisons are usually done on a “per cultivated acre” or “per forage acre” or “per grazing acre” basis. If the property has not been farmed properly, the estimated value should be reduced by the cost of bringing the property back to normal condition. Diunduh dari Sumber:

The three main concepts that people use to establish the “value” of land are: economic value, non-economic value and market value. RINGKASAN Penentuan nilai ekonomi lahan merupakan satu langkah (tahapan) dalam pengambilan keputusan menjual atau membeli lahan. Nilai ekonomi berhubungan dnegan “keuntungan” dan “Penumpukan modal”. The next step in a land purchase decision is to compare the economic value to the current market value. This provides the means to evaluate whether renting land is more profitable than owning it. As well, it provides benchmark values that can assist buyers in establishing bid prices for land. Lastly, the purchaser must determine if there is sufficient cash flow to purchase or finance the land. This is important even if the economic value is higher than the current market value, as the benefit of a capital gain is not available to service the mortgage unless the land is sold. Diunduh dari Sumber:

NILAI & HARGA LAHAN Peubah-peubah yang menentukan nilai dan harga lahan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tujuh kategori: Kapabilitas lahan Produktif; Keamanan lahan; Kebijakan pertanian; Pilihan guna lahan; Taksasi lahan; Land policy and zoning; Land speculation. Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

Kapabilitas lahan produktif …..…
Lahan mempunyai ciri-ciri intrinsik yg sangat menentukan potensi penggunaannya dan daya dukung alamiahnya. Deep, fertile and well-drained loams located in a suitable climate will generally produce good crops and high yields. Too sandy or too clayey soils make the land unsuitable for most crops, though some may prefer them (e.g. groundnuts or cashew trees on well-drained sands; rice on poorly drained, impermeable clays). Poor drainage is a major constraint on most agricultural activities, though here again crops react differently depending on their edaphological growth requirements. Kondisi iklim mungkin terlalu panas, terlalu dingin, kering, atau terlalu berhujan untuk memproduksi tanaman ekonomis tertentu. Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

EVALUASI LAHAN Kerangka-kerja FAO untuk evaluasi lahan (FAO, 1976) mencerminakn evaluasi lahan untuk tanaman tertentu secara semi-kuantitatif. It introduced the principle of matching land attributes against the natural growth requirements of crops in terms of agroclimatic, soil chemical and physical needs, as well as for soil workability/ease of management. Kalau atribut-atribut tanah sesuai dengan kondisi pertumbuhan optimal, maka lahan dianggap snagat sesuai, dan hasil maksimum dapat diharapkan terjadi, menempatkan lahan tersebut dalam kelas nilai tertinggi. Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

HARGA LAHAN – LAND PRICE
… HARGA LAHAN – LAND PRICE NILAI LAHAN – LAND VALUE KUALITAS LAHAN – LAND QUALITY KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN – LAND SHARACTERISTIC SIFAT LAHAN – LAND NATURE CIRI LAHAN – LAND PROPERTIES Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/misc35e.pdf

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)
Beberapa indikator unit-unit lahan yang harus dimonitor, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan: Kondisi sumberdaya lahan, positive dan negative; Areas arising from different land uses; Rates of adaptation and adoption of recommended/suggested practices; Praktek usahatani; Hasil-hasil dari proyek intervensi pembangunan; Isu-isu pengembangan wilayah, seperti land tenure, population density; Sumberdaya air; Perikanan dan akuatultur; Pengelolaan hutan; Ketersediaan hara dalam tanah. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

The holistic concept of Land (FAO ,1976; FAO, 1995) :
"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.).“ Fungsi Lahan: Fungsi produksi Fungsi lingkungan biotik Fungsi regulasi iklim Fungsi hidrologi Fungsi gudang simpanan Fungsi pengendalian pencemaran Fungsi ruang kehidupan Fungsi arsip atau warisan Fungsi ruang penghubung. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Land attributes, characteristics, properties and qualities (or limitations/ conditions):
ATTRIBUTE, atau variable, menunjukkan aspek tunggal atau majemuk suatu lahan; CHARACTERISTIC merupakan atribut yang mudah dicatat dan yang berfungsi sebagai unsur penciri (pembeda) berbagai tipe lahan; mungkin ia mempunyai makna praktikal yang penting (misalnya warna-tanah atau tekstur-tanah, atau tinggi tegakan hutan merupakan karakteristik yg tidak memberikan informasi langsung ttg kualitas lahan); PROPERTY adalah atribut yg telah memberikan derajat informasi tentang nilai suatu tipe lahan; LAND QUALITY (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976
KUALITAS LAHAN - PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Hasil tanaman (resultante dari berbagai kualitas lahan). Ketersediaan air tanah. Ketersediaan hara. Ketersediaan oksigen dalam zone akar. Adequacy of foothold for roots. Kondisi untuk perkecambahan. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation). Salinity atau Sodicity. Toksisitas Tanah. Resistance to soil erosion. Pests and diseases related to the land. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation). Temperature regime. Radiation energy and photoperiod. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost). Air humidity as affecting plant growth. Periode kering untuk panen tanaman . Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO DOMESTIC ANIMAL PRODUCTIVITY
FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976 LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO DOMESTIC ANIMAL PRODUCTIVITY Productivity of grazing land. Climatic hardships affecting animals. Endemic pests and diseases. Nutritive value of grazing land. Toxicity of grazing land. Resistance to degradation of vegetation. Resistance to soil erosion under grazing conditions. Ketersediaan air minum untuk ternak. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

KUALITAS LAHAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS HUTAN Kualitas lahan untuk hutan alam, hutan tanaman, atau keduanya. Mean annual increments of timber species Tipe dan kuantitas spesies kayu indigenous. Faktor tapak yg mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tegakan muda. Gangguan hama dan penyakit. Bahaya kebakaran. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

KUALITAS LAHAN - INPUT - PENGELOLAAN Kualitas lahan untuk lahan pertanian, produksi ternak dan kehutanan. Faktor Terrain yg mempengaruhi mekanisasi (traffic-ability). Faktor Terrain yg mempengaruhi konstruksi dan pemeliharaan akses jalan (accessibility). Ukuran unit pengelolaan potensial (mis. Blok hutan, farms, fields). Lokasi dalam kaitannya dnegan pasar dan suplai input. FAO A framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32, FAO, Rome. 72 p. Also, Publication 22, (R. Brinkman and A. Young (eds.), ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands. FAO Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach, W.G. Sombroek and D. Sims. Land and Water Bulletin 2, FAO, Rome. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

KUALITAS TUTUPAN LAHAN
Kualitas lahan yg berhubungan dengan komponen vertikal dari unit lahan alamiah KUALITAS TUTUPAN LAHAN Nilai tegakan vegetasi sebagai “tanaman” seperti kayu (komersial) hutan. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm: biodiversity value. Value of the standing vegetation as protection against degradation of soils and catchment. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of local and regional climatic conditions. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after complete removal. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops and cattle against adverse atmospheric influences. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops and pastures: the land "development" costs. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of diseases: health risks of humans and animals. KUALITAS ATMOSFERIK Atmospheric moisture supply: rainfall, length of growing season, evaporation, dew formation. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature, daylength, sunshine conditions. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land preparation: occurrence of dry spells. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

PERMUAKAN LAHAN & KUALITAS TERRAIN
Kualitas lahan yg berhubungan dengan komponen vertikal dari unit lahan alamiah PERMUAKAN LAHAN & KUALITAS TERRAIN Kesesuaian permukaan lahan untuk bedengan: Sifat olah tanah. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle, machinery, etc. Surface limitations for the use of implements (stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the arability. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern, determining size and shape of fields with a capacity for uniform management. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water erosion. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or fisheries. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or downstream water supply. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop damaging by overflow or overblow. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Kualitas lahan yg berhubungan dengan komponen vertikal dari unit lahan alamiah
KUALITAS TANAH Kesuburan tanah Fisika: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone (i.e. the absence of oxygen). Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable sodium. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity for soil organic matter turnover. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals. Toksisitas Tanah Biologis : the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

KUALITAS SUBSTRAT ATAU UNDERGROUND
Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit KUALITAS SUBSTRAT ATAU UNDERGROUND Tinggi muka air dan kualitas Groundwater dalam kaitannya dengan guna lahan irigasi. Potensial Substrat untuk simpanan air dan cadangan mata air. Adanya akuifer air tawar yang “unconfined “. Kesesuaian Substratum (dan profil tanah) untuk mendukung “landasan” (buildings, roads, canals, dll.) Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

LUT LAND EVALUATION…. EVALUASI LAHAN
Land evaluation is the process of assessment of land performance when used for specific purposes, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms, soils, vegetation, climate and other aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the objectives of the evaluation. LUT A land utilization type (FAO, 1976) is a kind of land use described or defined in a higher degree of detail than that of a major kind of land use (such as rainfed agriculture or forestry), as an abstraction of actual land-use systems (which may be single, compound or multiple). Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Ketahanan suatu Lahan :
KETAHANAN LAHAN Some concepts of resilience of land and its productivity, comparing the situation in someindustrialized countries (A) with that of most developing countries (B). (Sombroek, 1993) Ketahanan suatu Lahan : The capacity of the land to recover quickly to former levels of productivity - or to resume the trend to increased productivity - after an adverse influence such as drought, floods, or human abandonment or mismanagement. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

MAJOR ISSUES OF LAND MANAGEMENT….
Penurunan kualitas tanah sebagai lingkungan hidup akar tanaman; Erosi dan kehilangan tanah lapisan atas oleh air dan angin; Kehilangan vegetasi penutup tanah, termasuk kayu-kayuan tahunan; Acidifikasi, kesuburan tanah menurun dan deplesi hara tanaman; Salinitas dan salinisasi, terutama pada lahan irigasi. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Qualitative relationships between gradually increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, soil characteristics and medium-term processes in soils, and biomass or crop productivity. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Jenis-jenis Indikator:
INDICATOR : Land condition change (Change in land qualities). Jenis-jenis Indikator: Kondisi fisika tanah; Diversitas atau densitas vegetasi penutup lahan; Tebalnya topsoil (by erosion or, conversely, by good management); Salinity atau sodicity (kondisi tanah alkaline); Terracing; Jalur-jalur vegetasi kontur. Unit in which the indicator is measured: areal extent and magnitude of change of the indicator types , with improvement and deterioration reported separately. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)
I. Di atas permukaan tanah, yang berhubungan dnegan hasil tanaman: Cover close to the ground: its density, distribution, duration, timing. Stress in plants: growth rates; timing and frequency of wilting; visible nutrient deficiencies or imbalances. II. Pada permukaan tanah, as affecting particularly soil moisture and runoff+erosion: Porosity of at least topsoil layers, in millimetric bands: proportions of incident rainfall becoming infiltrated; III. Di bawah permukaan tanah Kandungan BOT dan aktivitas biologis tanah mempengaruhi berbagai sifat tanah: Soil architecture: . structural stability; . gas exchange . water movement and retention/release; Cation exchange capacity: . nutrient capture and retention; . pH buffering; . nutrient availability; . source of small amounts of recycled nutrients. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Lima perangkat LQI untuk ekosistem yang terkelola (Pertanian & Kehutanan)
KESEIMBANGAN HARA - NUTRIENT BALANCE: describes nutrient stocks and flows as related to different land management systems used by farmers in specific AEZs and specific countries. YIELD TRENDS AND YIELD GAPS: describes current yields, yield trends and actual:potential farm-level yields for the major food crops in different countries. LAND USE INTENSITY: describes the impacts of agricultural intensification on land quality. Intensification may involve increased cropping, more value-added production, and increased amounts and frequency of inputs; emphasis is on the management practices adopted by farmers in the transition to intensification. LAND USE DIVERSITY (agrodiversity): describes the degree of diversification of production systems over the landscape, including livestock and agroforestry systems; it reflects the degree of flexibility (and resilience) of regional farming systems, and their capacity to absorb shocks and respond to opportunities. TUTUPAN LAHAN - LAND COVER: describes the extent, duration and timing of vegetative cover on the land during major erosive periods of the year. It is a surrogate for erosion and, along with land use intensity and diversity, it will increase understanding on the issues of desertification. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

…SOIL PRODUCTIVITY. Kesuburan tanah merupakan kemampuan tanah untuk mensuplai hara dalam jumlah yang cukup dan proporsi yang sesuai, sedangkan produktivitas tanah mencerminkan kemampuan tanah untuk menghasilkan tanaman (Brady, 1974). The chief factors in soil productivity are soil organic matter (including microbial biomass), soil texture, structure, depth, nutrient content, water-storage capacity, reaction and absence of toxic elements. Produktivitas tanah tergantung pada karakteristik fisika, hidrik, kimia dan biologis tanah, serta interaksinya. Brady, N.C The Nature and properties of soils. 8th Edition. Macmillan, New York. Diunduh dari Sumber: 3/11/2012 .

Tingginya produktivitas lahan tercermin dalam :
Produktivitas lahan mengukur “kesejahteraan” yang dihasilkan pada sebidang lahan. Tingginya produktivitas lahan tercermin dalam : Lebih hemat sumberdaya, Perbaikan proses produksi, Waktu produksi lebih singkat, Lebih hemat biaya. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

KUALITAS & SIFAT-CIRI, KARAKTERISTIK TANAH
Kualitas tanah biasanya didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan tanah untuk melaksanakan fungsi tertentu dalam kaitannya dnegan kebutuhan manusia, termasuk memelihara kualitas lingkungan dna melestarikan produksi tanaman dan ternak (Lal, 1998a). Soil quality, in turn, derives from a variety of particular physical, chemical, and biological properties that support these functions, including topsoil depth, texture, bulk density, and water-holding capacity; organic matter, pH level, and extractable nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; and microbial biomass (Mausbach and Seybold, 1998). Some of these properties (e.g., pH, N, P, and K) are characterized by optimum levels; departures from these optima (in either direction) are associated with reduced soil quality. Other properties (e.g., topsoil depth and microbial biomass) contribute positively to soil quality at all levels, while some (e.g., bulk density) are inversely related to soil quality. In addition to soil properties, other characteristics also play a critical role in determining land quality, including aspects of terrain (such as slope) and climate (such as temperature and precipitation, and thus the length of growing period). Lal, R a. “Soil Erosion Impact on Agronomic Productivity and Environment Quality.” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 17(4): Mausbach, M. J., and C. A. Seybold “Assessment of Soil Quality.” In Soil Quality and Agricultural Sustainability, edited by Rattan Lal. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press.

STORIE INDEX The Storie index is a method of soil rating based on soil characteristics that govern the land's potential utilization and productivity capacity. It is independent of other physical or economic factors that might determine the desirability of growing certain plants in a given location. The evaluation is easy to be realized, being this an advantage of this method. A variety of categories are comprised in few categories. Four or five parameters are evaluated: A: Kedalaman tanah dan Tekstur Tanah; B: Permeabilitas Tanah; C: Karakteristik Kimiawi Tanah; D: Drainage, Surface runoff; E: Iklim (only if it is not homogeneous, if so than it should not be included in the formula); The index is calculated from the multiplication of these parameters, that is: Sindex = A x B x C x D x E The disadvantage of this method is that if we have a value of zero in any category, than the result will be zero and won't be suitable for using. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

STORIE INDEX RATING SYSTEM
The Storie Index Rating system ranks soil characteristics according to their suitability for agriculture from Grade 1 soils (80 to 100 rating), which have few or no limitations for agricultural production to Grade 6 soils (less than 10), which are not suitable for agriculture. Under this system, soils deemed less than prime can function as prime soils when limitations such as poor drainage, slopes, or soil nutrient deficiencies are partially or entirely removed. Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2011 .

Storie Index Rating System …
Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2011 .

Rating soils for agricultural, forest and grazing use.
STORIE, R. E. Journal Transactions 4th Int. Cong. Soil Sci Vol. 1 pp … . The Storie Index, a general soil-rating system of particular use in evaluating soils from an agricultural standpoint for tax assessment, land appraisal and general land-use planning purposes, is obtained by the multiplication of the per cent ratings given to FACTORS: A, the soil-profile depth and permeability; B, texture; C, slope and X, factors modifiable by management, namely drainage, salinity or alkalinity, nutrient level, acidity, erosion and micro-relief. The crop-productivity rating of a soil type is based on its yield as compared with that of the soil types giving the highest yield under stated management practices and climatic conditions, and is expressed in ratios from 10 to 1 (that is 100% to 10% of highest yields). A given soil type may have one rating when undrained, another when drained and a third when d "a ned and fertilized and so on. Timber soil ratings are similarly handled but where production is unknown, they are worked out bλ multiplying the ratings for factors A, depth and texture; B, permeability; C, chemical properties such as salinity; D, drainage and runoff and E, climate, including rainfall, temperature, aspect. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2011 .

. Storie Index Rating System…
The Storie Index Rating System ranks soil characteristics according to their suitability for agriculture from Grade 1 soils (80 to 100 rating), which have few or no limitations for agricultural production, to Grade 6 soils (rating of less than 10), which are not suitable for agriculture. Pada sistem evaluasi ini, lahan yang kurang-sesuai dapat diperbaiki menjadi “sesuai” dengan jalan menghilangkan faktor pembatasnya, seperti drainage yang buruk diperbaiki, kemiringan lahan, atau defisiensi hara tanah. Diunduh dari Sumber: ftp://ftp.co.imperial.ca.us/icpds/eir/east-brawley-geothermal/07ag-resources.pdf /11/2011 .

STORIE INDEX RATING SYSTEM…
Gradre Index Rating Definition 1 – Excellent 80 through 100 Soils are well suited to intensive use for growing irrigated crops that are climatically suited to the region. 2 – Good 60 through 79 Soils are good agricultural soils, although they may not be so desirable as Grade 1 because of moderately coarse, coarse, or gravelly surface soil texture; somewhat less permeable subsoil; lower plant available water holding capacity, fair fertility; less well drained conditions, or slight to moderate flood hazards, all acting separately or in combination. 3 – Fair 40 through 59 Soils are only fairly well suited to general agricultural use and are limited in their use because of moderate slopes; moderate soil depths; less permeable subsoil; fine, moderately fine, or gravelly surface soil textures; poor drainage; moderate flood hazards; or fair to poor fertility levels, all acting alone or in combination. 4 - Poor Soils are poorly suited. They are severely limited in their agricultural potential because of shallow soil depths; less permeable subsoil; steeper slope; or more clayey or gravelly surface soil textures than Grade 3 soils, as well as poor drainage; greater flood hazards; hummocky micro-relief; salinity; or fair to poor fertility levels, all acting alone or in combination. 5- Very Poor Soils are very poorly suited for agriculture, are seldom cultivated and are more commonly used for range, pasture, or woodland. 6 – Non-agricultural less than 10 Soils are not suited for agriculture at all due to very severe to extreme physical limitations, or because of urbanization. Source: USDA-NRCS 2010

.Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X
SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X Faktor A : Rating karakter fisik profil tanah I Tanah-tanah aluvial muda yang profilnya belum berkembang 100 % x Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 2 feet 50-60 Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 3 feet 70 g Subsoil sangat berkerikil 80-95 s Subsoil liat terstrata II Tanah-tanah aluvial muda yang profilnya baru-sedikit berkembang % x Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 2 feet 50-60 Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 3 feet 70 g Subsoil sangat berkerikil 80-95 s Subsoil liat terstrata Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X Faktor A : Rating karakter fisik profil tanah III Tanah-tanah aluvial yang PERKEMBANGAN profilnya moderat (subsoilnya agak padat) 80-95 % x Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 2 feet 40-60 Fase dangkal (pada material bahan induk yang konsolidated) kedalaman 3 feet 60-70 g Subsoil sangat berkerikil 60-90 IV Tanah-tanah yang profilnya sudah berkembang (Subsoiolnya liat rapat /padat) 40-80 % V Tanah-tanah yang profilnya mempunyai subsoil cadas (hardpan) pd kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot 5-20 % Pada kedalaman 1-2 feet 20-30 Pada kedalaman 2-3 feet 30-40 Pada kedalaman 3-4 feet 40-50 Pada kedalaman 4-6 feet 50-80 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X Faktor A : Rating karakter fisik profil tanah VI Tanah-tanah yang subsoilhya liat rapat terletak pada bahan induk yang konsolidated (moderat konsolidated) 40-80 % VII Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang batuan induknya berupa batuan beku yang keras pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot 10-30 % Pada kedalaman 1-2 feet 30-50 Pada kedalaman 2-3 feet 50-70 Pada kedalaman 3-4 feet 70-80 Pada kedalaman 4-6 feet Pada kedalaman lebih dari 6 feet 80-100 100 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X VIII Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang bahan induknya berupa batuan sedimen yang konsolidated pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot 10-30 % Pada kedalaman 1-2 feet 30-50 Pada kedalaman 2-3 feet 50-70 Pada kedalaman 3-4 feet 70-80 Pada kedalaman 4-6 feet Pada kedalaman lebih dari 6 feet 80-100 100 IX Tanah-tanah pada dataran upland yang bahan induknya berupa material lunak yang konsolidated pada kedalaman kurang dari 1 foot 20-40 % Pada kedalaman 1-2 feet 40-60 Pada kedalaman 2-3 feet 60-80 Pada kedalaman 3-4 feet 80-90 Pada kedalaman 4-6 feet Pada kedalaman lebih dari 6 feet 90-100 100 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X FAKTOR B. RATING BERDASARKAN TEKSTUR TANAH LAPISAN ATAS Tekstur halus atau berat Liat berdebu, sangat berkapur 70-90 Liat berdebu, tidak berkapur 60-70 Liat, sangat berkapur 70-80 Liat tidak berkapur 50-70 Tekstur Medium: Lempung berpasir halus 100% Lempung 100 Lempung debu Lempung berpasir 95 Lempung liat berdebu, berkapur Lemp. Liat berdebu, non kapur 90 Lemp. Liat berkapur Lemp. Liat tidak berkapur 85-90 Tekstur Kasar atau ringan: Lempung berpasir kasar 90 Pasir berlempung 80 Pasir snagat halus Pasir halus 65 Pasir 60 Pasir kasar 30-60 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X FAKTOR B. RATING BERDASARKAN TEKSTUR TANAH LAPISAN ATAS Berkerikil Lempung berpasir halus berkerikil 70-80 Lempung berkerikil 60-80 Lempung debu berkerikil Lempung perbasir berkerikil 50-70 Lemp. Liat berkerikil Liat berkerikil 40-70 Pasir berkerikil 20-30 Berbatu Lempung berpasir halus berbatu 70-80 Lempung berbatu 60-80 Lempung debu berbatu Lempung perbasir berbatu 50-70 Lemp. Liat berbatu 50-80 Liat berbatu 40-70 Pasir berbatu 10-40 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X FAKTOR C. RATING BERDASARKAN KEMIRINGAN A Hampir datar (kemiringan 0-2%) 100% AA Agak berombak (kemiringan 0-2%) 95-100 B Agak miring (kemiringan 3-8%) BB Berombak (kemiringan 3-8%) 85-100 C Miring (kemiringan 9-15%) 80-95 CC Bergelombang (kemiringan 9-15%) D Sangat miring (kemiringan 16-30%) 70-80 DD Berbukit (kemiringan 16-30%) E Curam (kemiringan %) 30-50 F Sangat curam (kemiringan lebih dari 45%) 5-80 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X FAKTOR X. RATING BERDASARKAN FAKTOR LAINNYA, SELAIN FAKTOR A, B, DAN C. Drainage Baik 100% Cukup baik 80-90 Tergenang moderat 40-80 Tergenang parah 10-40 Subyek banjir variabel Alkali Bebas alkali 100% Sedikit terpengaruh alkali 60-95 Pengaruh moderat 30-60 Pengaruh agak parah 15-30 Pengaruh parah 5-15 Unsur Hara (kesuburan) Tinggi (subur) 100% Cukup 95-100 Miskin 80-95 Sangat miskin 60-80 Kemasaman Sesuai dnegan pH 80-95% Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X FAKTOR X. RATING BERDASARKAN FAKTOR LAINNYA, SELAIN FAKTOR A, B, DAN C. Erosi tanah: Tidak ada – Ringan 100% Deposisi berbahaya 75-95 Erosi permukaan moderat 80-95 Alur dangkal jarang 70-90 Erosi permukaan moderat dg alur dangkal 60-80 Alur dalam 10-70 Erosi permukana moderat dg alur dalam 10-60 Erosi permukaan parah 50-80 Erosi permukaan parah dg alur dangkal 40-50 Erosi permukaan parah dg alur dalam 10-40 Erosi sangat parah Erosi angin moderat Erosi angin parah 30-80 Relief mikro: Smooth 100% Channel 60-95 Hogwallow Low hummock 80-95 High hummock 20-60 Dunes 10-40 Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

SOIL RATING CHART .Storie soil index rating = Faktor A x Faktor B x Faktor C x Faktor X SOIL GRADING GRADE 1 (Excelent) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate % dan cocok untuk berbagai jenis tanaman, tanaman pangan, perkebunan dan hutan GRADE 2 (Good) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 60-79% dan cocok untuk banyak jenis tanaman. Hasil tanaman umumnya baik hingga sangat baik GRADE 3 (Fair) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 40-59% dan kualitasnya cukup baik, cocok bagi cukup banyak jenis tanaman, Hasil jenis tanaman tertentu cukup baik GRADE 4 (Poor) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 20-39% dan mempunyai peluang terbatas bagi pertanian, misalnya beberapa tanah cocok untuk sawah GRADE 5 (Very Poor) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate 10-19% dan penggunaan pertanian snagat terbatas, kendala serius seperti solum dangkal, berbatu, atau alkalis GRADE 6 (Non-agriculture) Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai rate kurang dari 10% dan faktor pembatasnya snagat serius, seperti sangat curam, pasang-surut, lembah banjir. Sumber: Storie Index Soil Rating. R.E. Storie. Experiment Station Berkeley, Univ oc California. 1978

KUALITAS & KARAKTERISTIK LAHAN
"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi. Misalnya: kemiringan, curah hujan, tekstur tanah, kapasitas air tersedia, biomasa vegetasi, dll. "Kualitas lahan" adalah kompleks atribut lahan yang mempunyai peranan spesifik dalam menentukan tingkat kesesuaian lahan untuk suatu penggunaan tertentu. Misalnya: ketersediaan air, resistensi erosi, bahaya banjir, dan aksesibilitas. "Kriteria diagnostik" adalah suatu peubah yang mempunyai pengaruh tertentu terhadap hasil (atau input yang diperlukan ) pada penggunaan tertentu, dan peubah ini juga berfungsi sebagai dasar untuk menilai kesesuaian suatu bidang lahan bagi penggunaan tertentu. “Kriteria diagnostik” ini dapat berupa kualitas lahan, karakteristik lahan, atau beberapa karakteristik lahan. Diunduh dari sumber: 5/11/2012

KUALITAS LAHAN Hubungan antara kualitas dan karakteristik lahan yang dipakai pada metode evaluasi lahan (Djaenudin et al. 2003).. Kualitas Lahan Karakteristik Lahan Temperatur (tc) Temperatur rata -rata (oC) Ketersediaan air (wa) Curah hujan (mm), Kelembaban (%), Lamanya bulan kering (bln) Ketersediaan oksigen (oa) Drainase Keadaan media perakaran (rc) Tekstur, Bahan kasar (%), Kedalaman tanah (cm) Gambut Ketebalan (cm), Ketebalan (cm) jika ada sisipan bahan mineral/pengkayaan, Kematangan Retensi hara (nr) KTK liat (cmol/kg), Kejenuhan basa (%), pH , C-organik (%) Toksisitas (xc) Salinitas (dS/m) Sodisitas (xn) Alkalinitas/ESP (%) Bahaya sulfidik (xs) Bahaya sulfidik (xs) Kedalaman sulfidik (cm) Bahaya erosi (eh) Lereng (%), Bahaya erosi Bahaya banjir (fh) Genangan Penyiapan lahan (lp) Batuan di permukaan (%), Singkapan batuan (%) Diunduh dari sumber: 5/11/2012

LAND USE Guna-Lahan merupakan pemanfaat lahan oleh manusia.
Land comprises the physical environment, including climate, relief, soils, hydrology and vegetation, to the extent that these influence potential for land use. It includes the results of past and present human activity, e.g. reclamation from the sea, vegetation clearance, and also adverse results, e.g. soil salinization. Purely economic and social characteristics, however, are not included in the concept of land; these form part of the economic and social context. (sumber: Guna-Lahan merupakan pemanfaat lahan oleh manusia. Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. “LAND USE” juga didefinisikan sebagai "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it" (FAO, 1997; FAO/UNEP, 1999).. Diunduh dari sumber: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use …… 5/11/2012

LAND UTILIZATION A land utilization type consists of a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting. This may be the current environment or a future Betting modified by major land improvement e, e.g. an irrigation and drainage scheme. Attributes of land utilization types include data or assumptions on: Produce, including goods (e.g. crops, livestock timber), cervices (e.g. recreational facilities) or other benefits (e.g. wildlife conservation) ORIENTASI PASAR, including whether towards subsistence or commercial production INTENSITAS MODAL INTENSITAS TENAGA-KERJA Power sources (e.g. man's labour, draught animals machinery using fuels) Technical knowledge and attitudes of land users Technology employed (e.g. implements and machinery, fertilizers, livestock breeds, farm transport, methods of timber felling) Infrastructure requirements (e.g. sawmills, tat factories, agricultural advisory services) Size and configuration of land holdings, including whether consolidated or fragmented Land tenure, the legal or customary manner in which rights to land are held, by individuals or groups TINGKAT PENDAPATAN, per capita, per unit produksi (misalnya usahatani) atau per unit area. Diunduh dari sumber: …… 5/11/2012

Neoclassical Production Theory
Fungsi produksi neoklasik untuk output tungga dan dua peubah input dapat dituliskan sbb: y = f(x1,x2) Dimana y adalah kuantitas output dan xi adalah kuantitas peubah input ke-i. The properties of this production function are specified by assumptions: Xi ≥ 0 and finite (non-negative, real inputs); f(X1,X2) is finite, nonnegative, real valued, and single valued for all possible combinations of X1 and X2; f(X1,X2) is everywhere continuous and everywhere twice continuously differentiable; f(X1,X2) is subject to the "law" of diminishing returns. Diunduh dari sumber: …… 5/11/2012

INPUT / FAKTOR PRODUKSI
Of the three factors of production in classical economics, land, labor, and capital, land may be the most difficult to define. Does it refer to just the land itself? Or is land a generic term referring to all natural resources? Air, sunshine, and water, necessary to make land productive, are all part of the surrounding ecosystems. While ownership of land itself can easily be demarcated, ownership of mobile, associated resources is trickier. Diunduh dari Sumber: 2/10/2011 .

PROSES PRODUKSI TANAMAN
Many processes affect crop performance : the conservative efficiency of the use of radiation, water and nutrient on crop growth, those contributing to the soil water balance and those affecting soil fertility. Crop growth has been modelled successfully as a function of environmental factors using the concept of these conservative efficiencies. Crop production will be described for these levels in terms of potential and water- or nutrient limited production . The most suitable cereal crop (depending on the agro-ecological conditions wheat, rice, maize, millet or sorghum) is taken as a proxy for a wide range of crops that could be grown, with yields expressed in 'grain equivalents'. In practice actual production levels may differ from these calculated levels due to deviant agricultural management. Actual yield is a function of biophysical as well as the socio-economic conditions Levels of production and required data for its assessment. (Modified from Rabbinge, 1993). Rabbinge, R., The ecological background in food production . In: Crop protection and sustainable agriculture. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 177), pp Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2012 .

INPUT-OUTPUT PROCESS RELATIONSHIPS
Fungsi produksi atau hubungan Input-Output untuk input peubah tunggal Figure illustrates some differently shaped production functions for the case of a single-variable input production process. Each graph shows the physical input-output relationship or total physical product curve as the level of the single variable input is increased with all other input factors held constant. In graphs A and B, the law of diminishing returns (sometimes called the law of variable proportions) prevails - beyond some point, as the level of the variable input increases with no change in the level of other input factors, increases in output occur at a diminishing rate (the marginal product is decreasing) and eventually, beyond the point of maximum output, output declines in absolute terms (the marginal product becomes negative). Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2012 .

Keterkaitan Faktor Produksi
Kaitan Faktor Manajemen Dengan Faktor Produksi Lain Ada empat faktor produksi pertanian yaitu: Alam (lahan, iklim, radiasi matahari, air, udara, dll), Tenaga kerja, Modal, dan Pengelolaan (manajemen). Faktor produksi alam dan tenaga kerja sering disebut sebagai faktor produksi primer, faktor produksi modal dan pengolaan disebut faktor produksi sekunder. Diunduh dari Sumber: ocw.usu.ac.id/...PERTANIAN/sep_203_handout_faktor-faktor_prod /11/2012 .

EKSTERNALITAS Dalam proses produksi pertanian, masukan-masukan yang berupa material, tekno¬logi, menejemen dan unsur-unsur agro ekologi akan diproses untuk menghasilkan keluaran-keluaran yang berupa hasil-hasil tanaman dan ternak. Hasil-hasil sampingan dan limbah dari proses produksi tersebut dapat berupa hasil sedimen, hasil air, dan bahan-bahan kimia yang dapat menjadi pencemar lingkungan. Limbah ini biasanya diangkut ke luar dari sistem produksi dan menimbulkan biaya eksternal dan efek eksternalitas. Biasanya sistem produksi pertanian di daerah hulu sungai mempunyai efek eksternal yang cukup luas dan akan diderita oleh masyarakat di daerah bawah. Dalam suatu daerah aliran sungai yang mempunyai bangunan pengairan seperti bendungan, waduk dan jaringan irigasi, efek eksternalitas tersebut menjadi semakin serius, karena dapat mengancam kelestarian bangunan-bangunan tersebut. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

EKSTERNALITAS “Eksternalitas” timbul kalau kegiatan produksi (dan konsumsi) memiliki pengaruh yang tidak diharapkan (tidak langsung) terhadap produsen dan /atau konsumen lain. “Eksternalitas positif” terjadi kalau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang memberikan manfaat pada pihak lain tanpa melalui mekanisme pasar. “Eksternalitas negatif” terjadi kalau kegiatan oleh individu menghasilkan dampak yang merugikan pihak lain. Pencemaran air sungai atau air sumur dapat ditimbulkan oleh proses produksi pertanian yang berasal dari aplikasi pestisida dan pupuk. Adanya eksternalitas menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan antara manfaat (biaya ) sosial dengan manfaat (biaya) privat. Perbedaan manfaat (biaya ) ini berkaitan dengan alokasi sumberdaya yang tidak efisien. Pihak yang menyebabkan eksternalitas tidak memiliki dorongan untuk menanggung dampak dari kegiatannya yang diderita oleh pihak lain. Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2012 .

EKSTERNALITAS EROSI TANAH.
“Erosi tanah” merupakan proses terangkutnya material tanah atau sedimen oleh aliran air yang terjadi di permukaan tanah. Kerusakan yang dialami oleh tanah di tempat yang ada erosi a.l.: Kehilangan unsur hara dan bahan organik. Menurunnya kapasitas infiltrasi (kemampuan tanah untuk meresapkan air) dan kemampuan tanah menyimpan air. Meningkatnya kepadatan dan ketahanan penetrasi tanah. Berkurangnya kemantapan struktur tanah yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan memburuknya pertumbuhan tanaman dan menurunnya produktifitas. Eksternalitas lingkungan akibat erosi tanah a.l.: Sedimentasi dan pendangkalan waduk Tertimbunnya (sedimentasi) jaringan irigasi. Memburuknya kualitas air sungai , air sumur, air permukaan lainnya, Kerugian ekosistem perairan. Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2012 .

Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 31/10/2012 .
EKSTERNALITAS Penggunaan lahan oleh pemiliknya ternyata juga mempengaruhi orang lainnya. Kalau seseorang membuang sampah di lahan tetangganya, jelas orang ini melanggar hak tetangganya. Tetapi bagaimana kalau seseorang membakar sampah di lahannya sendiri dan menghasilkan asap yang berhembus ke tetangga sekitarnya ? What if they pollute a stream and it ends up affecting everyone's water source, or flush sewage away and it ends up in an ecologically stressed bay? Although the field of economics traditionally likes to deal with items that can be easily demarcated, quantified, and tagged with ownership, this becomes difficult when dealing with our shared ecosystems. Economics has dealt with this largely by labeling such items externalities, costs for which the responsible party does not pay. It then becomes up to the community, and usually the government, to decide how to deal with externalities. Diunduh dari Sumber: /10/2012 .

EXTERNALITY Until now we have assumed that market price includes or 'internalizes' all relevant costs and benefits. This means the consumer captures all benefits and the producer pays all the costs. Eksternalitas mencerminkan biaya dan manfaat yg tidak dapat ditangkap oleh harga pasar, i.e., mereka bersifat eksternal thd harga pasar. In effect, the market demand curve reflects only marginal private benefits (MPB) of consumers but not the external benefits accruing to society. When such external benefits are added, vertically, we derive the marginal social benefit curve (MSB) inclusive of both private and public benefits. Similarly, the market supply curve reflects only marginal private costs (MPC) but not costs external to the firm’s accounting, e.g., pollution that society must pay. When social costs are added, vertically, to the supply curve we derive the marginal social cost (MSC) curve inclusive of both private and public costs. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

EXTERNAL BENEFIT

EXTERNAL COST MC = MPC MSC = MC + MEC
MSC = marginal social cost; MC = marginal cost MSC = MC + MEC MEC = marginal external cost MPC = marginal private cost MC = MPC Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

EKSTERNAL COST - INEFISIENSI
Adanya biaya eksternal mengakibat-kan in-efisiensi dalam proses produksi

NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES In-effisiensi dari Eksternalitas negatif
Eksternalitas negatif adalah biaya yang terkait dg aktivitas yang tidak ditimbulkan oleh orang yang melakukan aktivitas tersebut. In-effisiensi dari Eksternalitas negatif When there is a negative externality, the market equilibrates where the total social marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit of the last unit of a good and society is not as well off as it could be if less were produced. Diunduh dari Sumber: 5/11/2012 .

EKSTERNALITAS NEGATIF
Over-production with a negative externality Kegagalan menginternalisasikan suatu eksternalitas negatif mengakibatkan pengurangan kesejahteraan sosial. Over-produksi terjadi kalau biaya eksternal dari pembuangan limbah dalam suatu komunitas diabaikan (tidak di-internasilasikan). In this figure, the private profit- maximizing quantity of landfill deposits produced (Qp ) are greater than the socially optimal production that occurs when the external costs are included (Q s ). The amount of overproduction is equal to the distance from Qp to Qs . In order to account for the external costs imposed on the community from producing additional (aggregates) deposits into the landfill, it is important to increase the costs of these deposits from Pp to Ps . Ps Pp Qs Qp Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

PAJAK BAGI EKSTERNALITAS NEGATIF
Pigouvian tax applied to a negative externality Apa yang terjadi kalau intervensi pemerintah dilakukan ( Pajak Pigouvian pada pembuangan limbah). With a Pigouvian tax, the tax is set equal to the marginal external costs at the socially optimal point of production. In this case, the tax on deposits elevates the price of disposal, leading to a reduction in the amount of deposits. A reduction of deposits into the local landfill would most likely result from corresponding reductions in the amount of aggregates waste created in the production process or from finding alternative means of disposal of the waste. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN sbg Eksternalitas Negatif
Some adverse environmental impacts may be internalised into a farmer's decision-making process, e.g. soil erosion, as this may impact on the revenue-generating potential of the farm in the future. However, the problem with many environmental impacts is that the costs are not borne by the producer because there is no mechanism to price the damage being done and require the producer to pay. These environmental costs are externalised, and there is thus divergence between the marginal private cost of production (to which the producer responds) and the marginal social cost of production (which determines the socially optimal level of production). Over-production of farm output which causes environmental damage is shown in the following diagram. The farmer would produce at Q1 where his marginal private cost equals marginal revenue, although the socially efficient level of output is Qo which takes into account the additional social costs of agricultural production. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Divergence between private and social costs of upland production.
Biaya dan efek erosi tanah thd degradasi lahan. Biaya sosial akibat degradasi lahan dapat dianalisis dnegan model konseptual tingkat optimal erosi tanah. The discussion focuses on the measurement aspects of the economic scarcity of soil in the agriculture sector. Reliable estimates of the true impacts of soil degradation can only be made if data on marginal damage costs and marginal conservation costs are available. The different scarcity indicators are evaluated and competitive land rental prices are considered as appropriate in indicating soil scarcity in agriculture. Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

Tingkat Optimal Kualitas Tanah dan Biaya Tanah.
Diunduh dari Sumber: /11/2012 .

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