HORMONE SYNTHESIS, RELEASE AND TRANSPORT

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1 HORMONE SYNTHESIS, RELEASE AND TRANSPORT
Departement of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine USU HORMONE SYNTHESIS, RELEASE AND TRANSPORT

2 BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU
The hormones speak : We are the chemical messengers of the body. Diversified in our structure and function; Act either directly or through messenger; Growth, health, and welfare is our motto The structure of insulin BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

3 Intracelluler Communication
All cells detect and respond to environmental stimuli Intracelluler communication : - endocrine - nervous - immune Endocrine glands secrete hormones BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

4 Hormone Hormone: produced in small amounts by specific tissues (endocrine glands), control the metabolic and biological activities in the target cells Active at low concentrations (picogram to nanogram)

5 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
Categorized by site of synthesis Endocrine hormones Paracrine hormones Autocrine hormones BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

6 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
Categorized by water solubility Hydrophilic hormones /The water soluble hormones Lipohilic hormones /The lipid soluble hormones BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

7 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION
Categorized by the location of the receptors Receptors on the surface of the target cell, on the plasma membrane Receptors in the intracelluler BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

8 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION Categorized by chemical structure
Protein and polypeptide Amine Steroid Eicosanoid

9 BIOCHEMISTRY MEDICAL FACULTY USU

10 PEPTIDE HORMONES Consist of specific amino acids
Synthesized as large precursor proteins Stored in membrane-enclosed compartments Hydrophillic

11 PEPTIDA INSULIN Di sintesa di Pulau Pankreas sebagai preproinsulin
Untuk sekresi disimpan di RES → oleh enzim mikrosomal dibelah menjadi proinsulin sewaktu memasuki membran RES Proinsulin diangkut ke golgi kompleks  dikemas menjadi secretory granules Di granula, C-Peptida dipisahkan  insulin disekresikan

12 Protein and Polypeptide Hormones Synthesis
: Peptide hormone synthesis and packaging

13 Proinsulin Insulin

14 AMINE HORMONES Derived from the amino acid tyrosine
Includes thyroid hormones and catecholamines Stored until secreted

15 Thyroid Hormones Thyroid gland produce T3 and T4 hormones
Iodide (I-) actively transported into the follicle of thyroid gland Oxidized to iodine (Io) by a peroxidase

16 Thyroid Hormones Iodine attached to tyrosine within thyroglobulin chain  MIT, DIT MIT and DIT or 2 DIT molecules coupled together TSH via cAMP stimulates hydrolyze T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin (inhibited by KI)

17 STEROID HORMONES Precursor: Cholesterol Lipophillic Immediately released from the cell following synthesis

18 Hormon Steroid Korteks adrenal sintesis :
glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid, sex steroid Terutama dari kolesterol plasma (sebahagian kecil dari asetil koA) Kolesterol plasma dirubah menjadi pregnenolon oleh enzim sitokrom P450 (mitkondria atau RES)

19 Hormon Steroid

20 Hormon Steroid Kekhususan seluler :
sintesis mineralokortikoid pada sel glomerulosa  18 hidroksilase dan 18 hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase hanya ditemukan pada sel ini

21 Golongan Hormon Steroid

22 Protein Transport  Globulin alfa (85%)TBG  TBPA (transferitin)
Thyroid Hormones  Globulin alfa (85%)TBG  TBPA (transferitin)  Albumin sedikit

23 Protein Transport Hormon Steroid Kortisol
- 75 % terikat CBG (transkortin) - 10 % kortisol bebas - selebihnya pada albumin (mis deksametason)

24 Protein Transport Hormon Steroid Androgen
- DHEA terikat lemah pada albumin - Testoteron terikat pada globulin spesifik ( SHBG) Mineralokortikoid - tidak punya protein pengangkut spesifik - membentuk ikatan lemah dengan abumin

25 EICOSANOIDS HORMONE Produced from arachidonic acid,
Released from phospholipids by action of phospholipase A2, phospholipase C Produced in almost every organ In one pathway arachidonic acid is converted to prostanoids by a group of enzymes, the cyclooxygenase system A second pathway to produce leukotrienes by the enzyme 5 lipoxygenase

26 EICOSANOIDS HORMONE

27 Prostaglandins SAIDS inhibit action of phospholipase
NSAIDs, such as aspirin and derivatives of ibuprofen, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity of PGH2 Synthase They inhibit formation of prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, & inflammation They inhibit blood clotting by blocking thromboxane formation in blood platelets

28 REFERENCES Devlin T M, PhD. Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations 5thed. Wiley-Liss, New York : , McKee Trudy, McKee James R. The molecular basis of Life. 3rded. McGraw-Hill. Americas, New York : Murray R K, et al. Harper’s Biochemistry 26thed. Appleton & Lange. America 2003: Raff A, et al. Moleculer Biology of The Cell. 4thed. Garland Science. New York. 2002: Stryer L. Biokimia. Edisi 4. EGC, Jakarta :