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Diterbitkan olehHadian Johan Telah diubah "6 tahun yang lalu
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CROPPING SYSTEM dan crops-livestock production systems
Artharini I
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Cropping system Pola dan praktek penanaman dalam suatu lahan
Monoculture vs polyculture
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Cropping Systems 1. Monoculture (one crop) 2. Polyculture (many crops)
a) crops separated in time: crop rotation, cover crops b) crops at same land and time: intercropping/mixed cropping c) combinations: relay cropping
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Intercropping
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Intercropping Row Mixed Smith et al., 2001
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Types of Intercropping
Mixtures of crops (no rows) Alternate rows or strips Relay cropping – 2nd crop planted during life cycle of first crop May have various combinations of these !!
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1. 2. Pearl millet & Groundnut 3
1. 2. Pearl millet & Groundnut 3. Buckwheat cover crop in potato cropping system
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Multilayer cropping system
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Multi storey crooping system
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Fig. 1. Barley, soybean, and corn crops in a 15 foot strip intercropping system in Northeast Iowa.
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Determining Intercrop Advantage – Land Equivalent Ratio
= amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop Photo: Thomas Wright Photo: P. E. Hildebrand
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Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2
= amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I I2 M M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 =
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Land Equivalent Ratio = amount of monocultured land needed to produce same yield as intercrop If LER > intercrop is more efficient If LER < monoculture is more efficient Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I I2 M M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 =
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LER example Corn Soybean Corn monoculture 4000 Soybean monoculture
Soybean monoculture 1000 Intercrop 3000 750 (kg/ha)
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Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2
Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture I I2 M M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 = Corn I/M = /4000 Soybean I/M = /1000
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Land Equivalent Ratio I1 I2 ---- + ---- LER = RY1 + RY2 = M1 M2
M M2 LER = RY1 + RY2 = LER = 3000/ /1000 = = 1.50 Corn Soybean
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Land Equivalent Ratio 0.5 + 0.5 is expected just based on land area
1.5 ha of land needed to produce same amount through monoculture LER = 3000/ /1000 = = 1.50 Corn Soybean
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Crops-livestock production system
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Sistem produksi tanaman & ternak
Integrasi yg saling menguntungkan antara : 1. sistem tan. Pangan 2. ternak 3. tanaman pakan ternak
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Bagan interaksi TANAMAN PANGAN TERNAK PUPUK PAKAN PUPUK & TENAGA MULSA
PUPUK & ME-I EROSI TANAMAN PAKAN
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Erosion Control
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Fungsi ternak Fungsi fisik : mghasilkan daging, susu, telur dsb
Tenaga kerja : pengolahan lahan Manure ternak sbg pupuk, bahan bakar dan bangunan Tabungan : - long term saving - semi annual suplementary cash income (tambahan) : kambing, domba,babi - instant petty cash/home meat supply Kelestarian lingkungan : penggunaan pupuk kandang sebagai pupuk untuk mencegah degenerasi lahan dan menjaga ekosistem tanah
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Tujuan pemeliharaan ternak
Akumulasi modal Menguragi resiko, ternak < usahatani tanaman Menyediakan jasa (tenaga kerja,pupuk,bahan bakar) Sumber penghasilan Menyediakan makanan (produk ternak) Meningkatkan status/prestise petani Memenuhi kebutuhan kultural (sesajen, kurban,dll)
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Integrated tree cropping system Silvi pastural system/agroforestry system Intercropping (food-food intercropping) Companion crop (food-feed intercropping) Alley cropping Relay cropping Live fence system Three Strata Forage system
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Integrated tree cropping system Sistem penanaman tanaman pohon secara terpadu. Contoh : 1. penanaman tmt (rumput dan legum) di perkebunan kelapa 2. penanaman tmt semak atau pohon sebagai naungan di perkebunan kopi dan kakao atau vanili
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Silvi pastural system/agroforestry system penanaman tmt bersama-sama dengan tanaman hutan atau penanaman tanaman hutan yg bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak. Contoh : - Penanaman sesbania, leucaena, akasia,albizia di hutan - Penanaman rumput dibawah/sela2 tan. hutan
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Intercropping (food-food intercropping) = tumpang sari = penanaman tan. Pangan secara bersama2 dg tan. Pangan lain Contoh : - tan. Padi dan jagung - ketela pohon dengan jagung - kedele dengan jagung - kedele dengan ketela pohon
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Companion crop (food-feed intercropping) penanaman ta. Pangan bersama-sama dg tmt. contoh : - padi gogo dengan jagung sbg pakan ternak - padi-jagung dg stylo/desmodium
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Alley cropping penanaman tan.pangan / hortikultura diantara 2 baris tmt Relay cropping Sistem penanaman dimana satu tan. Ditanam sblm tan. yg lain (pertama) dipanen Contoh : - padi/jagung dg kedele/kcg hijau - ketela pohon dg jagung/padi gogo
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Sistem integrasi tmt dlm sist. produksi tanaman dan ternak
Live fence system Penanaman tan. Pakan ternak sebagai pagar hidup (legum pohon) Three Strata Forage system (STS)
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