AUDIT SISTEM INFORMASI

AUDIT SISTEM INFORMASI
Standard Software

Information Architecture

Disiplin Web Science Bukan tentang "WWW" saja
Tentang informasi terdistribusi dan saling terkait secara hyperlink Interdisiplin

Trend yang ada Web 0.0 (Era sebelum Web, radio, BBS dan lain sebagainya) Web 1.0 (Universal akses, Konten yang portabel, dan hyperlink Web 2.0 (Konten yang dihasilkan user,Social network, (coercive), Mobile access) Web 3.0 (Fokus pada layanan universal , Berbasiskan semantik, Menunjang interoperabilitas)

Membuat aplikasi Web? Gampang
Berbasiskan web Linux Apache MySQL PHP PHP MySQL

Inovasi teknologi pendidikan
Keterbatasan jaringan Presentasi secara "remote seperti streaming n ATBC Bali oleh peserta dari 20 negara

Portal pemerintah yg aman
Content Management System yang dibangun dari scratch untuk kebutuhan pengguna non teknis (wartawan, pegawai pemerintah) Berita dapat dimasukkan dari semua satuan kerja, tetapi tetap dengan mekanisme persetujuan Ada fasilitas "preview" semua situs (bukan hanya 1 halaman) Mendukung tampilan mobile Tersedia untuk badan pemerintah melalui Univ. Putra Indonesia “YPTK” Padang

Trend yang ada Web 0.0 (Era sebelum Web, radio, BBS dan lain sebagainya) Web 1.0 (Universal akses, Konten yang portabel, dan hyperlink Web 2.0 (Konten yang dihasilkan user,Social network, (coercive), Mobile access) Web 3.0 (Fokus pada layanan universal , Berbasiskan semantik, Menunjang interoperabilitas)

Sistem Informasi Lanjut
• Manusia, organisasi • SOP (Business Engineering) • Cultur (index Hofstede) • Pengguna (Ethnography, Activity Theory, Groupware Task Analysis) • Menu/GUI ^ Concurs Task Tree (CTT), Predicate Action, • Assurance ^ software verification,

Tingkat lanjut Requirement Analysis Design
• Requirement Engineering (Misuse, LWBA, I*) • Specification Method (Formal, Z, VDM, TLA, Informal, Controlled Lang) Design Notation for Design (UML, SDL, IDEF), Workflow model (BPMN, swimlane, SOP_INFO) Paradigm of system (Language Oriented, Neural Network, Fuzzy etc) User Model (GOMS, Activity Theory etc) (CTT, GTA, HTA etc), Menu

Fungsi notasi SOP Penggunaan notasi ini berdasarkan beberapa alasan utama yaitu: Penjabaran dengan jelas siapa/organisasi mana yang bertanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan suatu akfitas. Penjabaran dengan jelas, alur dokumentasi yang ada. Sehingga dapat dilihat persyaratan dokumen yang dibutuhkan pada tiap aktifitas. Penjabaran dengan jelas alur koordinasi dan interaksi antar personal/orgranisasi yang terlibat. Penjelasan rentang waktu dilaksanakannya suatu

Cara membuat SOP Bagi menjadi tugas-tugas (task)
Identifikasi "Aktor" (orang/organisasi) yang terlibat pada tugas tersebut Identifikasi sub proses yang dilakukan oleh tiap aktor untuk mengerjakan task tersebut Identifikasi informasi yang mengalir (yang dibutuhkan dan dihasilkan dari tiap sub proses)

Integrated view of BBSDM

Spesifikasi Sistem • Untuk berkomunikasi dengan berbagai pihak dalam pengembangan, pengembang, pengguna, manajer proyek dsb. • Digunakan dalam proses pengembangan (validasi, verifikasi, disain, implementasi, testing) • Sebagai bagian dari kontrak (aspek legal)

Sumber kesalahan requirement
Kegagalan mengelola konflik secara efektif Ketidak gamblangan pernyataan yang jelas tentang masalah disain yang harus dipecahkan Terlalu banyak disambiguasi yang tak dideteksi Tak mengetahui siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk apa Kurang peduli terhadap resiko requirement

Bahasa alami (Natural Language)
• Keuntungan: • deklaratif • luwes • powerful • diketahui, tak perlu belajar khusus • berguna bagi pengguna biasa • Kerugian : • tidak jelas • tidak presisi • ambiguous • bergantung pada pengguna dan konteks

Bahasa formal • Keuntungan:
• sintaks dan semantik yang telah didefinisikan sebelumnya • presisi • unambiguous • dapat diproses mesin • Kerugian • jarang dengan domain aplikasi • memodelkan domain aplikasi • notasi yang tidak biasa • proses belajar khusus

Eksplisit vs Implisit • Bahasa formal perlu menyatakan segalanya secara eksplisit • Memproses bahasa alami harus mempertimbangkan elemen-elemen implisit • Elemen implisit dapat menyambung kalimat membentuk teks yang koheren

Mengapa processable English
• Req. Informal : UNTUK BERKOMUNIKASI dengan pihak dalam pengembangna sistem • Req. Formal requirement : UNTUK memverifikasi, validasi dan pengembangan lebih baik • Ada gap antara informal dan formal.

Bhs. alami sebagai bhs. formal
• Awalnya digunakan diindustri untuk dokumentasi teknis • Subsistem dan bahasa alami penuh dengan grammar yang terbatas dan gaya tertentu yang direkomendasikan • Mereduksi ambiguitas dan meningkatkan komprehensibilitas • Bisa dicheck menggunakan komputer • Penterjemahan mesin • Menggabungkan keuntungan dari bhs. formal dan informal.

Tahapan Development 1) Global Disain 2) Requirement Analysis ^ LWBA
• Use Case 2) Requirement Analysis ^ LWBA • Features • Organizational/Policy 3) Process Analysis • Information Flow • Standard Operating Procedure ^ SOP_INFO 4) Design dengan "pattern" • Prototype dengan Wireframe tpool dan Report Tools 5) Evaluasi Prototype ^ Early Usability

Introduction Computer software is:
A group of programs that connects user with computer devices Comprised of a sequence of instructions Designed to instruct the computer to execute desired functions by the users

Introduction (cont’d)
Software Layers

Programs that maintain operation of computer
System Software What is system software? Programs that maintain operation of computer Two categories Operating Systems Utility Programs

3.1 Operating System

Operating System What is an operating system?
A group of programs that organize and manage the whole computer operations OS is a set of instructions that coordinate all the internal activities among computer hardware, application programs and users

Operating System (cont’d)
OS is controlled by the kernel. What is a kernel? Kernel is the supervisor program that manage the memory and devices Kernel is loaded into the memory from the hard disk (or other storage) during booting until computer is turned off It is known as memory resident (because it resides in memory as long as the power is on. Non-resident are other programs that resides in hard disk at the same time)

The functions of an operating system start the computer (Booting) manage programs provide a user interface administer security manage memory control a network establish an Internet connection monitor performance schedule jobs and configure devices provide file management and other utilities

Booting Process of starting or restarting a computer Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on

A personal computer boot up process Step 1. Power supply sends signal to com-ponents in system unit Step 4. Results of POST are compared with data in CMOS chip Step 5. BIOS looks for system files on a USB drive, in floppy disk drive or CD/DVD drive, and then hard disk Step 2. Processor accesses BIOS to start computer Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating system loads into RAM Step 3. BIOS runs tests, called the POST, to check components such as mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards Step 7. Operating system loads configuration information and displays desktop on screen

4 main functions of OS: Manage computer programs Manage computer hardware Provides user interface Support application software

Manage computer programs Managing programs refers to how many users, and how many programs, an operating system can support at one time An OS can be single tasking, multi-tasking, cooperative multi-tasking, preemptive multi-tasking, multithreading and multiprocessing Single tasking Runs only one program at a time

Multi-tasking Same concept as multiprogramming Allows 2 or more programs at the same time Divide the programs into active and inactive. Active application is called foreground application and inactive application is background application CPU does not run the programs simultaneously but manage the resources i.e. memory based on active/inactive applications

Cooperative Multi-tasking Based on multi-tasking concept, whereby foreground application controls CPU until program ends But if program crashes/hang, OS needs to be rebooted Preemptive Multi-tasking Based on multi-tasking concept But if program crashes/hang, OS is able to take over CPU so other programs can be maintained

Multithreading One program may execute more than one task Example print and edit at the same time Multiprocessing Use of 2 or more processor at the same time Programs run simultaneously Each processor manage own resources Hardware dependant esp. motherboard

Manage computer hardware Memory Unit OS partitions the memory for each program. If memory is insufficient, OS may use virtual memory, which allocates a portion of a storage medium to function as additional RAM In virtual memory, programs/instructions are stored in fixed-sized unit called pages If memory if full, OS will copy pages into swap file in hard disk and reloaded into memory when needed

With virtual memory (VM), portion of hard disk is allocated to function as RAM Step 1. The operating system transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk because RAM is needed for other functions. Step 2. The operating system transfers data and program instructions from hard disk to RAM when they are needed.

Input/Output Devices OS provides interrupt handler, a mini program to handle interrupt from input/output devices. Examples of interrupt are mouse click/scroll/keyboard punch OS requires device driver to operates hardware devices. Drivers are loaded during booting

What is a device driver? Device Driver Program that tells operating system how to communicate with device With Plug and Play, operating system automatically configures new devices as you install them Also called driver

Spooling Sending print jobs to buffer instead of directly to printer Print jobs line up in queue

Provides User Interface OS manages communication between the computers and users Users may login, run application programs, manage files (copy/save) and on/off computers using any type of interface There are 3 types of command instructions: Command line Instructions to be typed in i.e. to save a file into diskette is C:\WINDOWS>copy C:myfile.doc a: Users have to memorize instructions

Menu-driven User selects instruction from a text-based pull-down menu Instructions are entered either via mouse click/ keyboard <ENTER> of arrow keys Graphical user interface (GUI) User selects instruction by mouse click or keyboard <ENTER> icons

User interface Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information displays on screen command-line interface menu-driven interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI) User interacts with menus and visual images such as icons and buttons

Some characteristics of operating systems
Proprietary software Privately owned and limited to specific vendor or computer model Device-dependent Runs only on specific type of computer Device-independent Runs on many manufacturers’ computers Downward compatible Works with application software written for earlier version of operating system Upward compatible Runs on new versions of operating system

Three categories of operating systems
Embedded Network Stand-alone

Windows Version Year Released Windows 3.x 1990 Windows NT Windows Windows NT Workstation Windows Windows Millennium Edition 2000 Windows 2000 Professional 2000 Windows XP 2001 Windows XP SP2 2004 Windows Vista 2006 Example: Windows Stand-alone operating systems

Stand-Alone Operating Systems
Windows XP Fast, reliable Windows operating system Available in five editions: Home Edition, Professional Edition, Tablet PC Edition, Media Center Edition, and 64-bit Edition

Windows Vista Successor to Windows XP, containing a new interface and new / enhanced features Available in several editions, grouped into Home and Business categories

Mac OS X Available only for computers manufactured by Apple Macintosh operating system has been model for most GUIs

UNIX Used by power users because of its flexibility and power Most versions offer GUI Available for computers of all sizes

Linux Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system Open-source software— code is available to public Both a stand-alone and a network operating system Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Network operating system Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files, and programs on a network Administers security by establishing user name and password for each user

Network Operating Systems
NetWare Designed for client/server networks Examples of network operating systems Windows Server 2003 Upgrade to Windows 2000 Server UNIX / Linux Multi-purpose operating system Solaris Version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems Specifically for e-commerce applications

Embedded Operating Systems
Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other small devices Windows CE is scaled-down version of Windows

Operating systems for PDAs Windows Mobile for Pocket PC Palm OS for Palm

Embedded Linux Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for PDAs, smart phones, smart watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices

Symbian OS Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones Make telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive and faxes, and more

3.2 Utility Program

Utility program A small program that provides an addition to the capabilities provided by the operating system Performs maintenance-type tasks, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.

OS Utility Program File manager
Performs functions such as copying, renaming, deleting, and moving files Image viewer displays contents of graphics file when you double click on it

OS Utility Program Personal firewall
Detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions The latest update to Windows XP automatically enables the built-in personal firewall upon installation

OS Utility Program Uninstaller
Removes a program and all associated files In Windows XP, uninstaller is in Add/Remove Programs in Control Panel

OS Utility Program Disk scanner
Detects and corrects problems on hard disk Searches for and removes unnecessary files

OS Utility Program Disk defragmenter
fragmented disk disk after defragmentation process Disk defragmenter Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster

OS Utility Program Diagnostic utility
Compiles technical information about hardware and some software Prepares report outlining problems

OS Utility Program Backup utility
Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another storage medium Most compress files during backup to require less storage space

OS Utility Program Screen saver
Causes monitor’s screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time To secure computer, user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate

Stand-Alone Utility Programs
Antivirus program Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files Must be updated frequently

What is a virus? Potentially damaging computer program Affects computer without user’s knowledge An unusual message or image is displayed on the computer screen An unusual sound or music plays randomly The available memory is less than what should be available A program or file suddenly is missing An unknown program or file mysteriously appears The size of a file changes without explanation A file becomes corrupted A program or file does not work properly System properties change SIGNS OF VIRUS INFECTION

Spyware Program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user Often enters a computer as a result of a user installing a new program A spyware remover is a program that detects and deletes spyware

Internet filters Programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed Anti-Spam Programs Web Filters Pop-up Blockers

File compression utility Shrinks size of files to free up room and improve performance Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files Two popular utilities: Winrar and WinZip

CD/DVD burning software Writes text, graphics, audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD

Personal computer maintenance utility Identifies and fixes operating system problems and disk problems Some continuously monitor computer to identify problems before they occur

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