HUKUM PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL

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1 HUKUM PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Dr. Wisnu Aryo Dewanto, S.H., LL.M., LL.M.

2 PENGANTAR Apa yang dimaksud dengan “subyek hukum”?
Pemegang hak dan kewajiban menurut hukum Siapa pemegang hak dan kewajiban? Menurut hukum, mereka adalah orang (natural persoon) dan badan hukum atau recht persoon (bisa berbentuk negara, perusahaan, organisasi atau institusi) Siapa subyek hukum dalam hukum nasional? Individu-individu dan badan-badan hukum yang ada di dalam suatu negara Siapa yang menjadi subyek hukum dalam hukum internasional? Subyek hukum internasional yang paling utama adalah NEGARA, namun hukum internasional masih memiliki 5 lainnya, yaitu OI, PMI, VATIKAN, BELLIGERENT dan INDIVIDU

3 NEGARA Syarat-syarat konstitutif menjadi sebuah negara, antara lain:
Memiliki wilayah; Memiliki penduduk; Memiliki pemerintahan; dan Memiliki kemampuan untuk berhubungan dengan negara lain. Unsur yang keempat ini memerlukan adanya syarat deklaratif, yaitu sebuah pengakuan dari negara lain Ada teori yang mengatakan bahwa negara lahir karena adanya pengakuan dari negara lain, tetapi ada juga yang menyatakan bahwa tanpa pengakuan pun bisa melahirkan negara

4 LANJUTAN... OI terdiri dari negara-negara, seperti PBB, Uni Eropa, ASEAN, OKI, dan lainnya PMI (Palang Merah Internasional), ini merupakan organisasi internasional VATIKAN, ini merupakan negara BELLIGERENT merupakan sekelompok orang yang menguasai wilayah tertentu secara efektif. INDIVIDU, ini tidak serta merta menjadi subyek hukum internasional karena pada dasarnya individu adalah subyek hukum nasional

5 APA YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH NEGARA?
Dalam lingkup nasional, negara terdiri dari 3 lembaga negara, yaitu legislatif, eksekutif dan yudikatif Legislatif  membuat hukum Eksekutif  menegakkan hukum Yudikatif  menerapkan hukum Dalam lingkup internasional, negara diwakili oleh lembaga eksekutif (external affairs) mengadakan hubungan luar negeri dengan negara lain, melalui perjanjian-perjanjian internasional dan tetap menghormati hukum kebiasaan internasional

6 HUKUM INTERNASIONAL Tertulis
HUKUM KEBIASAAN INTERNASIONAL PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL Tidak tertulis Merupakan hasil praktik negara- negara (usage) Menjadi hukum kebiasaan internasional (custom) karena adanya opinio juris sive necessitatis atau sering disebut dengan opinio juris (opinion of law), yaitu sebuah keyakinan bahwa suatu tindakan harus dilakukan karena merupakan kewajiban Otomatis mengikat negara-negara kecuali negara-negara yang bersangkutan menunjukkan sikap sebagai “persistent objector” Tertulis Merupakan hasil negosiasi dua negara atau lebih Memberikan hak dan kewajiban kepada negara- negara pihak Tidak secara otomatis mengikat negara karena negara harus memberikan consent to be bound

7 CONTOH HUKUM KEBIASAAN INTERNASONAL

8 CONTOH PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DARI SISI PARTISIPAN
BILATERAL MULTILATERAL

9 APA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL?
Menurut Pasal 2 Ayat 1a Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “treaty means an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instrument and whatever its particular designation.” Unsur-unsur dalam perjanjian internasional: Kesepakatan internasional Dibuat oleh negara-negara (2 atau lebih) Bentuknya tertulis Diatur oleh hukum internasional Dalam satu atau lebih instrumen Untuk kepentingan tertentu

10 CONTOH: UNCLOS 1982 Merupakan kesepakatan internasional
Dibuat oleh lebih dari 2 negara (multilateral treaty) Bentuknya tertulis Diatur oleh hukum internasional, artinya jika ada sengketa di antara negara-negara pihak dalam UNCLOS 1982 maka akan diselesaikan melalui ICJ UNCLOS 1982 hanya dibuat dalam satu instrumen Berbeda dengan Konvensi Palermo 2000 tentang TOC, di mana Konvensi ini dilengkapi dengan 3 Protokol, yaitu human trafficking, smuggling of migrants dan illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms Mengatur mengenai laut, termasuk segala sesuatu yang ada di dalam laut

11 ADAKAH SEBUAH PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DIBUAT SECARA LISAN?
Pasal 3 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “The fact that the present Convention does not apply to international agreements concluded between States and other subjects of international law or between such other subjects of international law, or to international agreements not in written form, shall not affect: the legal force of such agreements; the application to them of any of the rules set forth in the present Convention to which they would be subject under international law independently of the Convention; the application of the Convention to the relations of States as between themselves under international agreements to which other subjects of international law are also parties.”

12 CONTOH: KASUS IHLEN DECLARATION
Tanggal 22 Juli 1919 PM Norwegia, Nils Claus Ihlen, menyatakan kepada PM Denmark bahwa “...the plans of the Royal (Danish) Government respecting Danish sovereignty over the whole of Greenland...would be met with no difficulties on the part of Norway.” Isu hukum: apakah pernyataan ini mengikat Pemerintah Norwegia? Putusan dari PCIJ memenangkan Denmark dengan alasan bahwa “the Ihlen declaration constituted an unconditional and definitive promise.”

13 BAGAIMANA NEGARA-NEGARA TERIKAT PADA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL?
Pasal 11 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed.” Bahwa keterikatan suatu negara terhadap perjanjian internasional dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, yaitu: Tandatangan Tukar menukar dokumen Ratifikasi Aksesi, atau Cara lain yang dikehendaki oleh negara-negara

14 TANDATANGAN Pasal 12 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan:
The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of its representative when: the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect; it is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that signature should have that effect; or the intention of the State to give that effect to the signature appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation. For the purposes of paragraph 1: the initialing of a text constitutes a signature of the treaty when it is established that the negotiating States so agreed; the signature ad referendum of a treaty by a representative, if confirmed by his State, constitutes a full signature of the treaty.

15 LANJUTAN... Schwarzenberger mengatakan bahwa “ratifikasi bukan merupakan suatu kewajiban. Jika ratifikasi tidak diminta, maka penandatanganan merupakan pernyataan persetujuan dari para pihak untuk diikat oleh perjanjian internasional.” O’Connell menyatakan “Ratification is only required when the treaty so specifies or so implies.”

16 RATIFIKASI Pasal 2 Ayat 1b Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “'ratification', 'acceptance', 'approval' and 'accession' mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty.” Unsur-unsurnya: Tindakan internasional Negara memberikan persetujuan terikat oleh perjanjian internasional Di level internasional

17 LANJUTAN... Pasal 14 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan:
The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when: the treaty provides for such consent to be expressed by means of ratification; it is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that ratification should be required; the representative of the State has signed the treaty subject to ratification; or the intention of the State to sign the treaty subject to ratification appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by acceptance or approval under conditions similar to those which apply to ratification.

18 AKSESI Pasal 2 Ayat 1b Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “'ratification', 'acceptance', 'approval' and 'accession' mean in each case the international act so named whereby a State establishes on the international plane its consent to be bound by a treaty.” Pasal 125 Ayat 3 Statuta Roma 1998 menyatakan “This Statute shall be open to accession by all States. Instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.” Aksesi adalah turut serta pada sebuah perjanjian internasional. Mengapa disebut turut serta karena negara yang melakukan aksesi bukan merupakan “negotiating state” Pasal 15 Konvensi Wina 1969 mengatur lebih lanjut mengenai aksesi oleh negara

19 TUKAR MENUKAR ATAU PENYIMPANAN DOKUMEN RATIFIKASI...
Pasal 16 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: “Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instrument ratification, acceptance, approval or accession establish the consent to a State to be bound by a treaty upon: Their exchange between the contracting states; Their deposit with the depository; or Their notification to the contracting states or to the depository, if so agreed.

20 TERIKAT OLEH SEBAGIAN DARI PERJANJIAN ATAU PEMILIHAN PASAL-PASAL YANG BERBEDA
Pasal 17 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: Without prejudice to articles 19 to 23, the consent of a state to be bound by part of treaty is effective only if the treaty so permits or the other contracting states so agree. The consent to be bound by a treaty which permits a choice between differing provisions is effective only if it is made clear to which of the provisions the consent relates.

21 MAKNA TANDATANGAN JIKA PERJANJIAN MEMERLUKAN RATIFIKASI
Article 125 Ayat 2 Statuta Roma 1998 menyatakan “This Statute is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by signatory States. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.” Jika persetujuan terhadap perjanjian internasional mensyaratkan ratifikasi maka makna tandatangan terhadap sebuah perjanjian internasional adalah menyetujui isi dari perjanjian tersebut dan negara yang bertandatangan terikat oleh Pasal 18 Konvensi Wina 1969, yaitu “Obligation not defeat the object and the purpose of a treaty.”

22 LANJUTAN... Pasal18 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: “A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: it has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; or it has expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, pending the entry into force of the treaty and provided that such entry into force is not unduly delayed.”

23 KEWAJIBAN UNTUK MENYIMPAN DOKUMEN RATIFIKASI ATAU AKSESI
Dalam setiap proses ratifikasi atau aksesi perjanjian internasional selalu ada kewajiban untuk “deposit with the Secretary-General of the UN.” Jika dokumen ratifikasi atau aksesi belum didaftarkan dan disimpan, maka negara yang bersangkutan belum terikat oleh perjanjian internasional yang bersangkutan dan konsekuensinya perjanjian tersebut tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar hukum di depan organ-organ PBB. Pasal 102 Piagam PBB menyatakan: Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the UN after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it. No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the UN.

24 LANJUTAN... Phillip C. Jessup menjelaskan bahwa “ratifikasi bukan merupakan tahap akhir untuk berlakunya suatu perjanjian internasional. Langkah terakhir dari negara untuk keterikatan pada perjanjian internasional adalah proses penyimpanan (deposit) yang diatur dalam Pasal 102 Piagam PBB.”

25 RESERVASI Pasal 19 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan:
“A State may, when signing, ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, formulate a reservation unless: the reservation is prohibited by the treaty; the treaty provides that only specified reservations, which do not include the reservation in question, may be made; or in cases not falling under sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.” Reservasi adalah meminta dikecualikan dari pasal-pasal tertentu dalam sebuah perjanjian internasional, dengan catatan, reservasi tidak dilarang oleh perjanjian tersebut. Bagian yang direservasi adalah yang diatur dalam batang tubuh dari perjanjian internasional

26 APAKAH RESERVASI DIPERBOLEHKAN?
Sebagaimana yang dijelaskan sebelumnya, boleh tidaknya reservasi perjanjian internasional bergantung pada “negotiating states”, di mana ada yang mengijinkan,namun juga ada yang tidak mengijinkan dilakukannya reservasi. Reservasi ini berkaitan dengan substansi perjanjian internasional yang diatur di batang tubuh perjanjian yang bersangkutan. Contoh: Statuta Roma 1998 tidak mengijinkan reservasi atas isi dari Statuta tersebut yang diatur dalam Pasal 120 dari Statuta ini yang menyatakan “No reservations may be made to this Statute.”

27 DEKLARASI Selain reservasi, biasanya negara-negara akan memberikan deklarasi (yang berupa pemahaman mereka terhadap suatu perjanjian internasional) sehingga tidak ada salah interpretasi dalam menjalankan kewajiban internasional yang harus diemban oleh negara pihak dari perjanjian tersebut. Contoh: Konvensi Palermo 2000 Sebagian besar negara-negara pihak Konvensi Palermo mereservasi Pasal 35 dari Konvensi ini terkait dengan “settlement disputes” di mana negara-negara diharapkan menyelesaikan sengketa mereka melalui ICJ Singapura, selain melakukan reservasi, ia juga memberikan deklarasi atas Pasal 16 Konvensi Palermo tentang ekstradisi, di mana Singapura “declares that it does not take the Convention as the legal basis for cooperation on extradition with other States Parties to the Convention.”

28 BERLAKUNYA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 24 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it may provide or as the negotiating States may agree. Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating States. When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is established on a date after the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into force for that State on that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides. The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text, the establishment of the consent of States to be bound by the treaty, the manner or date of its entry into force, reservations, the functions of the depositary and other matters arising necessarily before the entry into force of the treaty apply from the time of the adoption of its text.

29 LANJUTAN... Contoh Konvensi Palermo 2000
Pasal 38 Ayat 1 Konvensi ini menyatakan “This Convention shall entry into force on the 90th day after the date of deposit of the 40th instrument of ratification...” Di mana berlakunya Konvensi Palermo 2000 ini? Di LEVEL INTERNASIONAL karena ratifikasi adalah tindakan negara yang menciptakan persetujuan untuk diikat oleh suatu perjanjian internasional di level internasional. Permasalahan di Indonesia adalah perjanjian internasional yang diratifikasi oleh Pemri dianggap berlaku di Indonesia, padahal berlaku bagi Indonesia sebagai pihak yang mengikatkan diri di level internasional.

30 KEPATUHAN PADA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pelaksanaan kewajiban internasional yang telah diatur di dalam perjanjian internasional harus memperhatikan Pasal 26 dan 27 Konvensi Wina 1969, yaitu: Pasal 26 menyatakan “Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.” Pasal 27 menyatakan “A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without prejudice to article 46.” Pasal 46 menyatakan: A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of a provision of its internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that violation was manifest and concerned a rule of its internal law of fundamental importance. A violation is manifest if it would be objectively evident to any State conducting itself in the matter in accordance with normal practice and in good faith.

31 PELAKSANAAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 28 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang tidak berlaku surutnya perjanjian internasional Pasal 29 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang skala keberlakuan perjanjian internasional adalah di seluruh wilayah negara pihak Pasal 30 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang lex posterior derogat legi priori Kondisi Pasal 30 ini terjadi pada UNCLOS karena ada negara yang meratifikasi UNCLOS 1958 tetapi tidak meratifikasi UNCLOS 1982, sebaliknya ada negara yang meratifikasi kedua UNCLOS tersebut. Untuk kondisi yang pertama maka yang berlaku adalah ayat 4(b)

32 INTERPRETASI PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 31 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang interpretasi perjanjian internasional harus dilakukan dengan itikad baik Pasal 32 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang interpretasi dengan melihat maksud dan tujuan dari dibuatnya perjanjian internasional (bisa subyektif, yaitu maksud dan tujuan dari negara-negara yang bernegosiasi, dan bisa obyektif, yaitu maksud dan tujuan dibuatnya perjanjian internasional) Pasal 33 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang interpretasi gramatikal

33 PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DAN NEGARA KETIGA
Pasal 34 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “A treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent.” Dikenal dengan asas “pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt.” Pasal 35 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang perjanjian internasional yang membebankan kewajiban kepada negara ketiga Menurut Komisi ILC ada dua syarat, yaitu (1) pihak ketiga memiliki keinginan untuk terikat dan (2) persetujuan atas kewajiban tersebut harus dibuat secara tertulis Pasal 36 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang perjanjian internasional yang memberikan hak kepada negara ketiga Komisi ILC memberikan persyaratan yang sama bagi negara ketiga yang dikenai hak

34 KEWAJIBAN BAGI NEGARA KETIGA
Pasal 2 Ayat 6 Piagam PBB menyatakan “The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.” Pasal 103 Piagam PBB menyatakan “In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail.”

35 HAK-HAK NEGARA KETIGA PADA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Ada dua teori yang mendasari negara ketiga mendapatkan hak-haknya atas dibuatnya suatu perjanjian internasional, antara lain: Konsep collateral agreement G setuju untuk membeli barang dari E, namun barang ini akan dibuat oleh W. Dan W memastikan dan menjamin kualitas barang yang ia buat. G dan W, menurut hukum, melakukan collateral agreement berdasarkan janji W bahwa barangnya memiliki kualitas yang bagus. Kontrak utama G adalah dengan E. Konsep stipulation of pour autrui Konsep ini memberikan hak kepada pihak ketiga untuk meminta pihak lain melakukan perbuatan tertentu kepadanya (supply of goods or services)

36 INVALIDITAS PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 46 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of a provision of its internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that violation was manifest and concerned a rule of its internal law of fundamental importance. A violation is manifest if it would be objectively evident to any State conducting itself in the matter in accordance with normal practice and in good faith. Alasan-alasan menyatakan perjanjian internasional tidak valid: Pasal 48 tentang Error Pasal 49 tentang Fraud Pasal 50 tentang Corruption of its Representative Pasal 51 tentang Coercion of a Representative of a State Pasal 52 tentang Coercion of a State by the Threat or Use of Force Pasal 53 tentang Conflicting with Jus Cogen

37 PENGHENTIAN DAN PENUNDAAN PELAKSANAAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 54 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Termination of or withdrawal from a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties.” Pasal 55 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a multilateral treaty does not terminate by reason only of the fact that the number of the parties falls below the number necessary for its entry into force.” Pasal 57 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or by consent of the parties.” Pasal 58 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Suspension of the operation of a multilateral treaty by agreement between certain of the parties only.” Pasal 59 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty implied by conclusion ofa later treaty.” Pasal 60 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan “Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach.”

38 ASAS REBUS SIC STANTIBUS
Pasal 62 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: A fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred with regard to those existing at the time of the conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen by the parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from the treaty unless: the existence of those circumstances constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the treaty; and the effect of the change is radically to transform the extent of obligations still to be performed under the treaty. A fundamental change of circumstances may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty: if the treaty establishes a boundary; or if the fundamental change is the result of a breach by the party invoking it either of an obligation under the treaty or of any other international obligation owed to any other party to the treaty. If, under the foregoing paragraphs, a party may invoke a fundamental change of circumstances as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty it may also invoke the change as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty.

39 KONSEKUENSI DARI INVALIDITAS PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 69 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: A treaty the invalidity of which is established under the present Convention is void. The provisions of a void treaty have no legal force. If acts have nevertheless been performed in reliance on such a treaty: each party may require any other party to establish as far as possible in their mutual relations the position that would have existed if the acts had not been performed; acts performed in good faith before the invalidity was invoked are not rendered unlawful by reason only of the invalidity of the treaty. In cases falling under articles 49, 50, 51 or 52, paragraph 2 does not apply with respect to the party to which the fraud, the act of corruption or the coercion is imputable. In the case of the invalidity of a particular State's consent to be bound by a multilateral treaty, the foregoing rules apply in the relations between that State and the parties to the treaty.

40 KONSEKUENSI DARI PENGHENTIAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 70 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the parties otherwise agree, the termination of a treaty under its provisions or in accordance with the present Convention: releases the parties from any obligation further to perform the treaty; does not affect any right, obligation or legal situation of the parties created through the execution of the treaty prior to its termination. If a State denounces or withdraws from a multilateral treaty, paragraph 1 applies in the relations between that State and each of the other parties to the treaty from the date when such denunciation or withdrawal takes effect.

41 Pasal 71 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan:
KONSEKUENSI DARI INVALIDITAS PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL KARENA KONFLIK DENGAN JUS COGEN Pasal 71 Konvensi Wina 1969 menyatakan: In the case of a treaty which is void under article 53 the parties shall: eliminate as far as possible the consequences of any act performed in reliance on any provision which conflicts with the peremptory norm of general international law; and bring their mutual relations into conformity with the peremptory norm of general international law. In the case of a treaty which becomes void and terminates under article 64, the termination of the treaty: releases the parties from any obligation further to perform the treaty; does not affect any right, obligation or legal situation of the parties created through the execution of the treaty prior to its termination; provided that those rights, obligations or situations may thereafter be maintained only to the extent that their maintenance is not in itself in conflict with the new peremptory norm of general international law.

42 KONSEKUENSI PENUNDAAN PELAKSANAAN PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL
Pasal 72 Konvensi Wina menyatakan: Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the parties otherwise agree, the suspension of the operation of a treaty under its provisions or in accordance with the present Convention: releases the parties between which the operation of the treaty is suspended from the obligation to perform the treaty in their mutual relations during the period of the suspension; does not otherwise affect the legal relations between the parties established by the treaty. During the period of the suspension the parties shall refrain from acts tending to obstruct the resumption of the operation of the treaty.

43 PASAL-PASAL PENUTUP DALAM KONVENSI WINA 1969
Pasal 81 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang penandatanganan Pasal 82 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang ratifikasi Pasal 83 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang aksesi Pasal 84 Konvensi Wina 1969 tentang berlakunya (entry into force)