SUMBER PANAS GEOTHERMAL S. NAPU, P.A. HARMAJI. ORIGIN OF EARTH’S HEAT 1.Heat From Formation Of The Core Tabel 1. Heat Generation of the Primary Heat Producing.

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1 SUMBER PANAS GEOTHERMAL S. NAPU, P.A. HARMAJI

2 ORIGIN OF EARTH’S HEAT 1.Heat From Formation Of The Core Tabel 1. Heat Generation of the Primary Heat Producing Elements Sumber : Beardsmore, G. R. and Cull J. P., Crustal Heat Flow, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

3 2. Heat From Radioactive Decay Of Long-lived Isotopes Interior of the Earth, shown in a cut-away that shows the outer edge of the liquid core (reflecting orange sphere), the lower mantle (yellow), upper mantle (pink and purple), and the crust (geomag.usgs.gov)

4 Transfer Of Heat In The Earth 1.Radiation Heat can be transferred radiatively by the emission and absorption of thermal photons.

5 2. Conduction Tabel 1. Thermal Conductivity of Some Common Materials, in W/m-K Sumber : Clauser, C. and Huenges, E., Rock Physics and Phase Relations, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 105–26, 1995. Sass, J. H., Journal of Geophysical Research, 70, 4064–65, 1965. Weast, R. C., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1985.

6 The thermal conductivity of some common materials, as a function of temperature (Glassley, W.E. 2010)

7 3. Convection Tabel 2. Dynamic Viscosities of Geological and Common Materials Sumber : Webb, S. L and Dingwell, D. B., Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 15695–701 1990. Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D., Geophysical Monograph, Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 138:83–105, 2003. Yamazaki, D. and Karato, S.-I., American Mineralogist, 86:385–91, 2001.

8 Plate Tectonic And The Distribution Of Geothermal Resources Schematic diagram showing the configuration of the main elements that compose plate tectonic structures (Glassley, W.E. 2010)

9 Global map showing the locations of earthquakes (red dots) that indicate plate boundaries (yellow lines), political boundaries (in white) and the locations of the world’s geothermal power plants (blue stars) (iga.igg.cnr.it/geo/geoenergy.php)

10 Low resolution global map showing the distribution of heat flow at the surface (geophysik.rwth-aachen.de)

11 Availability And Utilization Of Geothermal Energy Geological controls on the near-surface (meaning less than 3 km depth to the resource) availability of geothermal energy has resulted in its concentration in specific regions. Heat flow map of the United States. (From the Geothermal Laboratory, Southern Methodist University. With permission) (Glassley, W.E. 2010)

12 Heat flow map of Europe. (Modified from the European Community Nr. 17811.) (Glassley, W.E. 2010)

13 Case Studies 1.Spreading Centers The Gulf of California is a new ocean basin, formed by an extension of the main spreading center in the Pacific Ocean, the East Pacific Rise. Spreading Centers In California (Lacono, 2012)

14 2. Subduction Zones The Philippine Islands are a complex of over 500 volcanoes formed above the westward subducting Pacific plate. Of those 500, approximately 130 are active. Beginning in 1977, geothermal power production was initiated on the island of Leyte. Subduction Zones in Philipine (Chillymanjaro, 2012)

15 3. Hot Spot The Hawaiian Island chain tracks the movement of the Pacific plate over a mantle hotspot that has persisted for more than 80 million years. The island of Hawaii is the currently active volcano in the chain. On the eastern flank of the volcano is the East Rift Zone, a zone along which lava has repeatedly erupted. Hot Spot In Hawaiian Island (Oregeon state university, 2018)

16 Glassley, W.E. 2010. Geothermal Energy: Renewbale Energy and the Energy and the Environment. New Mexico State University. USA. Lacono, D. 2012. https://phys.org/news/2012-05-mbari-deep- sea-hydrothermal-vents-sonar-mapping.htmlLacono, D. 2012. https://phys.org/news/2012-05-mbari-deep- sea-hydrothermal-vents-sonar-mapping.html diakses tanggal 08 Februari 2018. Chillymanjaro, 2012. Understanding the Cebu/Negros earthquakes. https://watchers.news/2012/02/07/understanding-the- cebunegros-earthquakes/ diakses tanggal 08 Februari 2018. https://watchers.news/2012/02/07/understanding-the- cebunegros-earthquakes/ Oregon state University, 2018. Oregon state University, 2018. Hot Spot Volcanism http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hot-spot-volcanism diakses tanggal 08 Februari 2018. http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/hot-spot-volcanism References

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