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Cause & Effect text Structure
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Another text structure
Sometimes, a writer will want to explain how one event leads to another This kind of text structure is called cause and effect
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Cause and effect signal words
as a result consequently so
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More Signal Words Cause Effect Because As a result
The reason for Outcome On account of Finally Bring about Consequently Give rise to Therefore Created by For this reason Contributed by Hence Led to Effect Due to Then Since So
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Can you find the signal words?
The night’s snowstorm had many effects. People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice. Snow plows drove down every street. Children were the happiest of all. The unexpected snow caused school to be cancelled!
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Can you find the effect words?
The night’s snowstorm had many effects. People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice. Snow plows drove down every street. Children were the happiest of all. The unexpected snow caused school to be cancelled!
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Use signal words to identify which is the cause and which is the effect.
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!
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More with cause and effect
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures! This is the cause
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Use the signal words to identify the cause and effect in this paragraph.
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures! This is the effect
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But sometimes it’s not so simple
Cause/Effect is not always written in the sequence format. Cause and effect also analyzes why something happens. Cause-and-effect essays examine causes, describe effects, or do both. In the following passage from a New York Times column entitled "The Pump on the Well," Tom Wicker considers the effects of a technological advance on a village in India.
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See if you can identify the Causes & Effects.
When a solar-powered water pump was provided for a well in India, the village headman took it over and sold the water, until stopped. The new liquid abundance attracted hordes of unwanted nomads. Village boys who had drawn water in buckets had nothing to do, and some became criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened, since the poor had no land to benefit from irrigation. Finally, village women broke the pump, so they could gather again around the well that had been the center of their social lives. Moral: technological advances have social, cultural sentence and economic consequences, often unanticipated.
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See if you can identify the Causes & Effects.
CAUSES: When a solar-powered water pump was provided for a well in India, the village headman took it over and sold the water, until stopped. The new liquid abundance attracted hordes of unwanted nomads. Village boys who had drawn water in buckets had nothing to do, and some became criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened, since the poor had no land to benefit from irrigation. Finally, village women broke the pump, so they could gather again around the well that had been the center of their social lives. Moral: technological advances have social, cultural sentence and economic consequences, often unanticipated.
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See if you can identify the Causes & Effects.
When a solar-powered water pump was provided for a well in India, the village headman took it over and sold the water, until stopped. The new liquid abundance attracted hordes of unwanted nomads. Village boys who had drawn water in buckets had nothing to do, and some became criminals. The gap between rich and poor widened, since the poor had no land to benefit from irrigation. Effects: Finally, village women broke the pump, so they could gather again around the well that had been the center of their social lives. Moral: technological advances have social, cultural, and economic consequences, often unanticipated.
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Cause-and-effect analysis explains why something happened--or is happening---and it predicts what probably will happen. Sometimes many different causes can be responsible for one effect. Similarly, many different effects can be produced by a single cause.
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For Example: Many elements may contribute to an individual's decision to leave his or her native country and come to the United States. Causes Effect Political repression Immigrants come to US Desire to join family members Desire for economic opportunity Desire for religious freedom
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Immigration, for instance, has had a variety of effects on the United States.
Cause Effects Immigrants come to Diverse culture the United States New goods and services Housing shortages Challenges to education New political agendas
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Review Which text structure tells about how things are similar and different? Compare and contrast Which text structure introduces a main idea and several supporting details? Description Which text structure discusses a problem and possible solutions? Problem/Solution What does the cause/effect text structure explain?
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EXIT SLIP How do you determine whether or not an article is an example of the cause/effect text structure?
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This presentation was adapted from the Power Point presentation, “Understanding Text Structures,” by Emily Kissner. Follow the links to find the original information:
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