MATERI 9 ENDOCRYNOLOGY KEBUNTINGAN DAN KELAHIRAN

MATERI 9 ENDOCRYNOLOGY KEBUNTINGAN DAN KELAHIRAN
MK. ILMU REPRODUKSI LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB
SUB POKOK BAHASAN Hormon yang berperan dalam kebuntingan (Progesteron, estrogen, PGF2 alfa, Prolaktin ) Perubahan hormonal selama kebuntingan Perubahan hormonal menjelang dan selama kelahiran (meliputi progesteron, estrogen, pgf2 alfa dan oxitocin) Proses kelahiran LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati
Proses Implantasi Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Hormon selama kebuntingan
Cow, Sow,Goat Mare Ewe CORPUS LUTEUM PLACENTA Progesteron UTERUS Progesteron PLASENTA Prolactin Untuk produksi susu PREGNANCY Estrogen Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Beberapa teori yang menginduksi Partus
Volume uterus  meningkat Hormon PGF2α  Meningkat Hormon Progesteron  Turun Hormon Estrogen  Naik Miometrium  semakin sensitif kontraksi Oxytosin  diproduksi Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Aktivasi fetus Fetus menghasilkan Corticosteroid  menyebabkan turunnya progesteron  peningkatan estrogen dan keluarnya PGF2α  menyebabkan myometrium kontraksi Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Perubahan saat bunting menyebabkan kelahiran
Closed Cervical Ripening Dilatation Relaxed Myometrial Excitement Contractile PREGNANCY PRE LABOR LABOR Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Tahapan Melahirkan : 1. Dilatation of Cervix
Uterus mengalami kontraksi Periode : Dimulai dari kontraks uterus sampai uterus mengalami dilatasi, juga vagina. Induk ingin merebah, nafas frekuensi meningkat. Perubahan posisi fetus Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

2. Keluarnya fetus Uterus dan perut kontraksi keras. Periode : Servik membuka luas dan fetus bisa keluar. Induk merejan, Plasenta pecah, cairan keluar. Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

3. Keluarnya Plasenta Kontrasi uterus mulai menurun Keluarnya fetus diikuti plasenta Plasenta terlepas dari endometrium Keluar plasenta Endocrinologi Reproduksi,Trinil susilawati

Hormonal Control of Gestation Progesterone - Main Hormone -Causes uterine quiescence and histotroph production Sources of Progesterone During Gestation Gestation Sheep - CL to day 50 then placenta days Cow - CL throughout. However, after days ~ day 215 placenta and adrenal produce enough progesterone to maintain pregnancy Sow - All from CL days Can remove CL after day 50 and not cause abortion Remove CL at any time causes abortion LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Gestation Mare - 1st CL produces progesterone up to ~ 180 days, FSH stimulates follicles growth and eCG (PMSG) causes CL's to form from follicles. They secrete progesterone and are active from day Progesterone is low until 270 days - rises in last 5 months due probably to placental progesterone production. 337 days PMSG - Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin Now call eCG Origin is Endometrial cups Endometrial cups form from invasion of the chorionic girdle cells surround the spherical placenta of mare. These invade into the uterine endometrium on Days 30 to 35 of gestation to form the ulcer-like cups. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Hormonal Changes that Control Parturition Hypothalamus Corticotropic Releasing Hormone CRF Fetal anterior pituitary gland Steps Fetal ACTH causes - Fetal Corticosteroids causes - Progesterone levels placental production or CL regression) - Production of Estrogens by placenta - PGF2a production by uterus - Time of parturition is controlled by maturation of the hypothalamus- pituitary-adrenal axis Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Removal Blocks Parturition Infusion induces parturition Stimulates oxytocin receptor in myometrium Fetal Adrenal Estrogen (Increase) Corticosteroid Glucocorticoid Progesterone (Decrease) Pine-needle abortion in cattle - cause by a corticosteroid-like product Prostaglandin F2a (Increase) Redrawn from Liggins, G.C. 1969. In Foetal Autonomy LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Hormonal changes cause: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cortisol - stimulates lung surfactant Final maturation of fetus Expansion of birth canal Maternal behavior Synthesis and ejection of milk Initiation of uterine contractions Termination of pregnancy Initiates parturition and lung development Fescue toxicity problems: Ergot causes inhibition of prolactin release and thus milk production Prolactin completes final mammary development and milk secretion LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Significance of initial hormonal changes Progesterone - removes block on uterine contractions. Estrogen - makes uterus more responsive to induction of contractions i.e., more irritable and smooth muscle tissue stimulation. Events just Prior to Parturition: 1. Pelvic ligaments soften - Tail head sinks due to estrogens and relaxin. 2. Cervix softens and begins secreting stringy mucus - estrogens . Allows myometrial muscle fibers to work together in bundles Induction of oxytocin receptors Increased water content in cervical tissue and cervical plug is removed LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Beberapa teori yang menginduksi Partus
Volume uterus  meningkat Hormon PGF2α  Meningkat Hormon Progesteron  Turun Hormon Estrogen  Naik Miometrium  semakin sensitif kontraksi Oxytosin  diproduksi LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Aktivasi fetus Fetus menghasilkan Corticosteroid  menyebabkan turunnya progesteron  peningkatan estrogen dan keluarnya PGF2α  menyebabkan myometrium kontraksi LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Perubahan saat bunting menyebabkan kelahiran
Closed Cervical Ripening Dilatation Relaxed Myometrial Excitement Contractile PREGNANCY PRE LABOR LABOR LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Tahapan Melahirkan : 1. Dilatation of Cervix
Uterus mengalami kontraksi Periode : Dimulai dari kontraks uterus sampai uterus mengalami dilatasi, juga vagina. Induk ingin merebah, nafas frekuensi meningkat. Perubahan posisi fetus LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

2. Keluarnya fetus Uterus dan perut kontraksi keras. Periode : Servik membuka luas dan fetus bisa keluar. Induk merejan, Plasenta pecah, cairan keluar. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

3. Keluarnya Plasenta Kontrasi uterus mulai menurun Keluarnya fetus diikuti plasenta Plasenta terlepas dari endometrium Keluar plasenta LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Learning Objectives To understand what happens to cause parturition and what happens during and after parturition. To understand the hormonal control of parturition. To understand retained placentas, artificial induction of parturition and uterine involution. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

How Was Mechanism For Parturition Discovered? Skunk Cabbage - Sheep consuming this type of vegetation in western US had prolonged gestations. Fetus had congenital hypoplasia of Anterior Pituitary Gene Defect - Autosomal recessive gene in Holstein breed Large calves grow in utero 1-2 months beyond delivery date. Congenital hypoplasia of Anterior Pituitary LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Initiation and Control of the Parturient Process
LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Significance of initial hormonal changes Progesterone - removes block on uterine contractions. Estrogen - makes uterus more responsive to induction of contractions i.e., more irritable and smooth muscle tissue stimulation. Events just Prior to Parturition: 1. Pelvic ligaments soften - Tail head sinks due to estrogens and relaxin. 2. Cervix softens and begins secreting stringy mucus - estrogens . Allows myometrial muscle fibers to work together in bundles Induction of oxytocin receptors Increased water content in cervical tissue and cervical plug is removed LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

3. Swelling of vulva. 4. Udder swells - fills with first milk and due to edema: 5. Fetus moves into proper position - resting on thorax, front feet and head facing the cervix Collagenase breaks down collagen which also widens the pelvis Prolactin, Estrogens and glucocorticoids LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Stages of Parturition: I. Dilation of Cervix. (2-6 hours, cow) Uterine contractions become coordinated and regular - Estrogen & PGF2a induced Fetus pushed against cervix - amnion dilates cervix Chorioallantoic membrane may break Pressure of fetus in cervix stimulates oxytocin release and reflex contractions of abdominal muscles. Heifers 12 hours Synchronized This occurs because progesterone has declined Stimulates oxytocin release 1st Water Bag Ferguson Reflex Contractions force the calf legs and head to spread cervix LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

II. Expulsion of Fetus (.5-2 hours, cow) Strong uterine contractions due to synergistic actions of high estrogen, PGF2a and oxytocin Strong abdominal muscle contractions Amnion ruptures - mucin lubricates vagina - vestibule Fetus passes through vagina - vestibule. Longer than 2 hours considered to have dystocia 2nd Water Bag Cause of death in 6.4% of calf losses on average LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Three Barriers in Delivery of a Calf 1. Head 2. Shoulders 3. Hips LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Sow Delivery of Piglets Length of Stage II in sow is 2 to 4 hours Delivery of piglets is usually between 8 to 45 minutes between each one. Delivery will alternate piglets between horns Last 1/4 of horn in large litters increases the chance of stillborn - Length of umbilical cord Uterine horn contracts to shorten distance after delivery of each piglet LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

III. Expulsion of the Placenta (4-5 hours, cow) Uterine contractions continue Blood forced from cotyledon villi - shrinkage separates cotyledon and caruncle Contractions push placenta out Causes of retained Placentas: -Infections caused adhesions between cotyledon and caruncle -Calving stress - twins or calving difficulty - edema of cotyledon - won't separate from caruncle -Weak uterine contractions - villi won't shrink Prolapsed uterus - cow tired need to give oxytocin Oxytocin Milk fever - Calcium low LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Care of retained placentas: Do not manually remove from uterus; uterine damage greater than infection of retained placenta Infuse Bovine uterus with tetracycline and systemic injections of penicillin until placenta passes ~ 2-4 days. Do not pull placenta out even in Mare! Check to see placenta is fully intact in Mare or you need a Veterinarian to clean her out. Don’t breed on foal heat if there is a problem Don’t give mare tetracycline as this will cause inflammation!! Can treat cow with either PGF2a or oxytocin (ergonovine) to expel the infection LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Preventing retained placentas: Vaccinate for Brucellosis and leptospirosis Make sure Vitamin A, E and Selenium are not deficient in diet Don't have cows over-conditioned at calving Have sanitary calving conditions Allow heifers to be large enough at calving and don't breed to bull that sires larger calves than your female can handle. Size of pelvis Feed and develop heifers before breeding LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Artificial Induction of Parturition: Reasons: Time parturition to labor costs Avoid dystocia (Large Fetus) How to do it: Give ACTH Give Corticosteroids. (Dexamethasone) Give PGF2a Give Oxytocin Need to know status and size of fetus Must have Management First! Must Know Breeding Dates!!! LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Cow - Do not induce before last 7-14 Days of gestation Method: Dexamethasone - parturition in 48 hours, mg/IM -High incidence of retained placentas and lower postpartum fertility. Azium (trade name) combined with 25 mg Lutalyse induces within 35+2 hours. Requires a live fetus work, does not work on a mummified fetus If cow are induced early Retained placenta is not problem if treated properly - Giving estrogen before induction of parturition incidence Prostaglandins used in cases of a mummified fetus and are also effective in inducing abortion the first 4-5 months Example for inducing parturition in beef cattle: Sixty breeding season, induce cows 265 days from last day of breeding season LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Mare - Do after day 320 of gestation Oxytocin (20-60 I.U.) close to term !!! Takes less than 1 hour! Placenta expelled in < 1 hour Make sure of the following before inducing foaling: 1. Udder is enlarged with presence of colostrum 2. There is relaxation of the perineal region 3. Cervical relaxation (can insert 1 to 2 fingers) Usually induce for only two reasons: 1. Demonstration Prolonged gestation In normal pregnancy, mare can control time of day for foaling through her release of oxytocin. Inject oxytocin give no choice of time. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Sheep - Best within a few days of parturition Dexamethasone (8-20 mg) Parturition in hours 5 to 7 days Retained placenta not a problem Can use Lutalyse to abort before Day 50 of gestation Goat - CL is important throughout pregnancy Can use Lutalyse to induce 5-7 Days prior to normal time of parturition LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Sow - Do after day 111 of gestation PGF2a (Lutalyse 10 mg/IM) parturition in hours. Note that this is less than 3 Days from normal parturition Close synchrony - Lutalyse at 8 AM followed by oxytocin 40 IU 24 hours later. Sows farrow between 8 AM and 5 PM (32 hours from start) Piglets should be born within 1 to 8 (average 1-4) hours with 15 minute intervals between piglets - May give oxytocin in last few piglets to decrease stillborn numbers in large litters or after extended delivery interval Its is important to give PGF2a no sooner than Day 111. If given on Day 110 will cause stillborn piglets ( too immature to survive) LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Bitch - If needed to get rid of unplanned mating Give Prostaglandin F2a at: .25 mg/kg body weight 3X/day for 3 to 4 days LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Induction of Abortion in Feedlot Heifers 1. All females in a feedlot should be examined rectally for pregnancy, and abortion induced at that time. 2. Animal induced to abort should be in good health and well adjusted to the feedlot. One should always remember, abortion will be stressful and combined with any other stress (diseases like shipping fever, pneumonia, etc.) can cause extreme losses in gain efficiency or even death. 3. Growth promotants containing progesterone or analogues to progesterone may interfere with induction of abortion and should be withheld until after abortion occurs. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

Procedure: 1. Heifers that are less than 150 days into gestation can be aborted with a single intramuscular injection of 25 mg Lutalyse or 500 mg Estrumate Efficiency of 90%. 2. After 150 days of gestation, combination of 25 mg Dexamethazone and 500 mg Estrumate is needed to cause abortion. Efficiency of 95%. 3. Abortion will occur over 2 to 10 days. 4. All abortions should be recorded, and heifers which fail to abort re-examined. 5. Failure to induce abortion is most likely caused by failure of luteolysis. Re- treatment will usually cause abortion. 6. In the case of fetal mummification, Prostaglandin treatment will stimulate expulsion. 7. Cows over 4 months pregnant will have a high percent of retained placenta (80%). Most cases will resolve themselves, but the producer needs to monitor health of females after abortion. LABORATORIUM REPRODUKSI TERNAK FAPET UB

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MATERI 9 ENDOCRYNOLOGY KEBUNTINGAN DAN KELAHIRAN

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MATERI 9 ENDOCRYNOLOGY KEBUNTINGAN DAN KELAHIRAN

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