ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA

Presentasi berjudul: "ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA"— Transcript presentasi:

1 ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA
Novi Febrianti

2 SEKILAS ANATOMI Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti memotong Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin

3 Cabang –cabang Anatomi:
Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi mikroskopis (Sitologi, Histologi) Developmental anatomy/Anatomi perkembangan (Embriologi) Comparative anatomy/Anatomi perbandingan

4 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata
Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar kelas pada sub phylum vertebrata Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi : - caput / chepala : kepala - collum / cervix : leher - trunchus : badan - cauda : ekor - extremitas : anggota badan bebas ^ ant / pos ^ sup / inv

5 TERMINOLOGI Anterior – posterior (arah) Superior – inferior (arah)
Dorsal : daerah punggung Ventral : daerah perut Lateral : daerah samping / sisi Cranial : daerah kepala Caudal : daerah ekor Abdominal : daerah badan Thoracal : daerah dada (dalam dada)

6 TERMINOLOGI Sinister : kiri Dexter : kanan Medial : daerah tengah
Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh Proximal : lebih kearah / dekat LM Distal : lebih menjauhi LM Origo : titik pangkal tidak bergerak Insersio : : menimbulkan gerak

7 TERMINOLOGI Organ analog Mayor = besar Minor = kecil Pectoral : dada
Pelvis : punggung bawah Bilateral simetri

8 Simetri tubuh Simetri radial Simetri bilateral BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN
Dorsal Bidang simetri Posterior Bidang simetri Dorsal Ventral Anterior Ventral Simetri radial Simetri bilateral

9 Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik
BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik Cacing pipih Cacing gilig Mesoderm (otot) Ektoderm Pseudoselom Ektoderm Endoderm (usus) Organ internal Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (otot) Mesenkim Aselomata Pseudoselomata Cacing tanah Mesoderm (otot) Ektoderm Selom Organ internal Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (peritoneum) Selomata

10 Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan
BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan Cangkang luar Tubuh lintah dibentuk oleh cairan di dalam tubuhnya Endoskeleton Eksoskeleton

11 Sistem tubuh pada hewan
BAB 9 DUNIA HEWAN Sistem tubuh pada hewan Usus bagian dari sistem saluran pencernaan Otak kecil Otak sederhana dengan dua ganglion Lambung Saluran kelamin Testis Ovarium Eksoskeleton Notokorda berada di sepanjang tubuh bagian ventral Kelenjar pencernaan Otak besar Paru-paru Ginjal Jantung Usus Pembuluh darah

12 PHYLUM CHORDATA Ciri – ciri :
Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup. Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase embrio Pada dinding pharynx ada lubang- lubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits). Mempunyai ekor

13 Anatomy of a Chordate

14 Subphylum Urochordata
sea squirts or tunicates notochord present only in free-swimming larvum notochord does not extend into head larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding adult is sessile filter feeder

15 Subphylum Urochordata
sea squirts or tunicate Campbell p 631 Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

16 Subphylum Cephalochordata
“head” cord lancelet or Amphioxus notochord present throughout life – extends into head region shallow marine waters chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes adults resemble tunicate larvum

17 Anatomy of a lancelet

18 Cephalochordata: lancelet

19 Subphylum Vertebrata General Characteristics:
chordates with a backbone exhibit cephalization closed circulatory system neural crest (p. 633)

20 Subphylum Vertebrata Agnatha (without jaws)
lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping tongue hagfish – mainly scavengers no paired appendages larvum resembles lancelet

21 Agnatha: a sea lamprey

22 Lamprey mouth

23 Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened by calcium granules sharks (internal fertilization) oviparous – egg laying ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus viviparous – young develop in the uterus suspension-feeders (plankton)

24 Cephalochordata: lancelet

25 Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

26 Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

27 Subphylum Vertebrata Osteichthyes
(bony fishes) Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix Operculum- protective flap Swim bladder – controls buoyancy

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29 Seahorse

30 Subphylum Vertebrata Amphibia first tetrapods
(“two lives”) first tetrapods transition to land – still tied to water for respiration and reproduction Gills  lungs (metamorphosis) Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

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33 Subphylum Vertebrata Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644) (to creep)
lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators first true land animal Scales, lungs, amniotic egg no feathers cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy conservation)

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35 Hatching reptile

36 Subphylum Vertebrata Fossil links…………
Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird- reptile Clawed forelimbs Teeth Long tail w/ vertebrae

37 Archaeopteryx

38 Aves (bird) Subphylum Vertebrata feathered
few flightless: ostrich, kiwi, emu breastbone with keel – carina – permitting flight jays, sparrows, warblers, etc

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40 Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast) Hair or fur of keratin
Active metabolism = endothermic Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered heart Layer of fat Mammary glands, tooth differentiation

41 Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast)
Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters) Placental mammals Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum

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43 Marsupial & Placental Mammals