Dr. H. MUSTIKA LUKMAN ARIEF, SE.,MM. PENGANTAR EKONOMI PREPARED BY : Dr. H. MUSTIKA LUKMAN ARIEF, SE.,MM.

ECONOMICS WHAT IS ECONOMICS? Economics is the study of the ways that individuals and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants. Key Word: NEEDS: UNLIMITED RESOURCES: LIMITED GAP INFLATION UNEMPLOYMENT UNEQUALITY - FUNCTIONAL & SIZE - REGIONAL - INDIVIDUAL 4. POVERTY NR HR CR E ECONOMICS PROBLEMS WHAT’S HOW WHEN FOR WHOM GOODS & SERVICES CHOICES OPPORTUNITY COST

MODEL ANALISIS Eksperimen Obsevations EKSPERIMENTAL DESIGN Abstraction Real World Teoritical Abstraction Logical Model Eksperimen Logical Argumen Obsevations Statistical Interpretation Real World Conclusions Theoretical Interpretation Logical Conclusions

TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM TRADITI-ONAL ECONO-MIC SYSTEM: A system in which the question what, how, for whom, and when are answered in the same way from generation to generation. COMMAND ECONOMIC SYSTEM: A system in which the question what, how, for whom, and when are answered by a central authority: COMMUNISM: An economic system in which property and the means of production are owned and operated by the workers in common. SOCIALISM: An economic system in which the means of production are owned and operated by the state MARKET SYSTEM: A system in which the question what, how, for whom, and when are answered through independent decisions of the people. This often used interchangeable with capitalism. MIXED ECONOMY: An economic system in which there are elements of tradition, command, and the market.

ACTORS OF ECONOMY HOUSEHOLD: Suppliers of input factor Demander of goods and services Payer taxes FIRMS: Suppliers of goods and services Demander of input factor Payer of taxes GOVERNMENT: To protect private property To regulate money To produce public goods and services To assess social cost To regulate and maintain competition To promote economic growth and stability To fight poverty To eliminate discrimination To receive of taxes To send of subsidy

Permintaan Penawaran Konsumen Produksi Pembayaran, Upah, Sewa, Bunga Pasar untuk barang-barang hasil produksi Permintaan Penawaran Sepatu Sepatu Harga-harga barang hasil produksi Pakaian Pakaian Perumahan Perumahan Konsumen Produksi WHAT HOW FOR WHOM Rumah Tangga Pembayaran, Upah, Sewa, Bunga Pemilik Faktor Produksi Harga-harga faktor produksi (upah, sewa, bunga) Tenaga Kerja Tenaga Kerja Tanah Tanah Modal Modal Pasar untuk faktor-faktor produksi Penawaran Permintaan

MARKET RESOURCE MARKET PRODUCT MARKET FINANCIAL MARKET

KESEIMBANGAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL DALAM PEREKONOMIAN TIGA SEKTOR Gaji dan upah, sewa, bunga untung Pajak perusahaan Gaji dan upah RUMAH TANGGA PEMERINTAH PERUSAHAAN Pajak Individu Pengeluaran pemerintah Tabung- an Konsumsi rumah tangga Investasi BANK Pinjaman PENANAM MODAL LEMBAGA KEUANGAN

MICROECONOMICS VS MACROECONOMICS Eff of Resources Max. Satisfaction/Profit MACROECONOMICS Government Regulation Economic Activity  AD and AS` MACROECONOMICS ISSUES (WHY NOT) HIGH ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT ECONOMIC PRICE STABILITY UNEMPLOYMENT/ POVERTY REDUCTION INFLUENCES FACTORS OF MACROECONOMIC . PRIVATE CONSUMPTION (C) INVESTMENT (I) GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE (G) NET EXPORT (EXPORT-IMPORT) (X-M)

MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM ECONOMIC GROWTH UNSTABLE OF EC. ACTIVITY UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT MACROECONOMIC POLICY FISCAL POLICY MONETARY POLICY SUPPLY SIDE POLICY GOAL OF MACROECONOMIC RAPID GROWTH PRICE STABILITY INCOME EQUALITY FULL EMPLOYMENT