Pertemuan-2: Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya John Adler KK-Komputasi dan Kecerdasan Buatan Sistem Komputer Universitas Komputer Indonesia-UNIKOM Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 1 Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra

Bahan kuliah pertemuan-2 Permasalahan image processing : Capture, modelling, feature extraction,image segmentation Sejarah Digital Image Processing (DIP) Beberapa contoh Key Stages in Digital Image Processing Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 2 Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra

Permasalahan image processing : Capture, MODELLING, FEATURE EXTRACTION, IMAGE SEGMENTATION Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 3 Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra

Permasalahan capture Capture merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambar Proses capture membutuhkan alat-alat capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik. Gambar yang baik akan banyak membantu dalam proses selanjutnya. Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 4

Permasalahan Modeling Dalam modeling diperlukan analisa matematika yang cukup rumit, khususnya pemakaian kalkulus dan transformasi geometri. (inilah sebabnya di semua jurusan fakultas teknik, kuliah matematika menjadi sangat penting !!) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 5

Permasalahan Feature Extraction Setiap gambar mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri, sehingga fitur tidak dapat bersifat general tetapi sangat tergantung pada model dan obyek gambar yang digunakan. Fitur dasar yang bisa diambil adalah warna, bentuk dan tekstur. Fitur yang lebih kompleks menggunakan segmentasi, clustering dan motion estimation Pemakaian statistik dan probabilitas, pengolahan sinyal sampai pada machine learning diperlukan di sini Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 6

Permasalahan Image Segmentation Bagaimana memisahkan obyek gambar dengan backgroundnya Bagaimana memisahkan setiap obyek gambar Teknik clustering apa yang sesuai dengan model dan obyek gambar yang digunakan Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 7

Contoh Postal Code Problem Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 8

SEJARAH DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 9

History of Digital Image Processing Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the news- paper industry The Bartlane cable picture transmission service Images were transferred by submarine cable between London and New York Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph printer Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Early digital image Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 10

History of DIP (cont…) Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images New reproduction processes based on photographic techniques Increased number of tones in reproduced images Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Early 15 tone digital image Improved digital image Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 11

History of DIP (cont…) 1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing 1964: Computers used to improve the quality of images of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe Such techniques were used in other space missions including the Apollo landings Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) A picture of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe minutes before landing Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 12

Typical head slice CAT image History of DIP (cont…) 1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications 1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M. Cormack share the Nobel Prize in medicine for the invention of tomography, the technology behind Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scans Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Typical head slice CAT image Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 13

History of DIP (cont…) 1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas Image enhancement/restoration Artistic effects Medical visualisation Industrial inspection Law enforcement Human computer interfaces Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 14

Beberapa Bidang Ilmu yang Berhubungan dengan Image Computer Graphics : Kreasi image Image processing : penyempurnaan atau manipulasi gambar- yang hasilnya gambar lain Computer vision : analisis isi image Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 15

Pengolahan Data Berdasarkan Input/Output IMAGE DESKRIPSI Image Processing Computer Vision Computer Graphics Data Mining, dll Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 16

Meningkatkan informasi bergambar untuk interpretasi manusia Dua Macam Aplikasi IP Meningkatkan informasi bergambar untuk interpretasi manusia Pemprosesan data image untuk menyimpan, mentransmisikan, dan merepresentasikan untuk persepsi mesin otonomi Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 17

Bidang yang Memanfaatkan IP Berdasarkan sumber dari image: Radiasi dari spektrum elektromagnetik Akustik Ultrasonik Elektronik (dalam bentuk sinar elektron yang digunakan dalam mikroskop elektron) Komputer (image sintetis yang digunakan untuk pemodelan dan visualisasi) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 18

Persoalan di dalam IP Capture Modeling Feature Extraction Image Segmentation Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 19

Permasalahan Capture Capture (menangkap gambar) merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambar Proses capture membutuhkan alat-alat capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik. Gambar yang baik akan banyak membantu dalam proses selanjutnya. Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 20

Alat-alat Capture Sesuai Frekuensinya Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 21

Hasil Capture : Gamma-Ray Imaging Nuclear Image : a. Bone scan b. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) image. Astronomical Observations c. Cygnus Loop Nuclear Reaction d. Radiasi Gamma dari katup reaktor Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 22

Hasil Capture : X-Ray Imaging Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 23

Hasil Capture : Ultraviolet Imaging Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 24

Hasil Capture : Visible Imaging Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 25

Hasil Capture : Infrared Imaging Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 26

Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave Band Imaging radar : satu-satunya cara untuk menjelajahi daerah yang tidak dapat diakses dari permukaan bumi Radar image dari pegunungan di tenggara Tibet perhatikan kejelasan dan detail gambar, tidak terhalang oleh awan atau kondisi atmosfer lain yang biasanya mengganggu gambar dalam tanda visual Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 27

Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave Band Aplikasi ilmu Geologi : eksplorasi mineral dan minyak menggunakan suara dalam spektrum suara rendah (ratusan Hz) Model seismik dari image cross-sectional Gambar panah menunjukkan perangkap (bright spots) hidrokarbon (minyak dan atau gas) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 28

Hasil Capture : Ultrasound Imaging Peralatan medis : Bayi Melihat bayi dari sisi yang lain Thyroids Lapisan tulang menggambarkan lesion Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 29

Hasil Capture : Imaging in Radio Band Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 30

Menggenerate image oleh komputer Fraktal : an iterative reproduction of basic pattern according to some mathematical rules (a) dan (b) Pemodelan komputer 3D (c) dan (d) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 31

BEBERAPA CONTOH Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 32

Examples: Image Enhancement One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 33

Examples: The Hubble Telescope Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objects However, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubble’s images useless Image processing techniques were used to fix this Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 34

Examples: Artistic Effects Artistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite images Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 35

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Examples: Medicine Take slice from MRI (Magenetic Resonance Imaging) scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between types of tissue Image with gray levels representing tissue density Use a suitable filter to highlight edges Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 36

Examples: GIS Geographic Information Systems Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to manipulate satellite imagery Terrain classification Meteorology Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 37

Examples: GIS (cont…) Night-Time Lights of the World data set Global inventory of human settlement Not hard to imagine the kind of analysis that might be done using this data Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 38

Examples: Industrial Inspection Human operators are expensive, slow and unreliable Make machines do the job instead Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries Can we trust them? Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 39

Examples: PCB Inspection Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 40

Examples: Law Enforcement Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systems Fingerprint recognition Enhancement of CCTV images Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 41

Examples: HCI Try to make human computer interfaces more natural Face recognition Gesture recognition Does anyone remember the user interface from “Minority Report”? These tasks can be extremely difficult Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 42

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 43

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Representation & Description Image Enhancement Object Recognition Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 44

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 45

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 46

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 47

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 48

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 49

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 50

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 51

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 52

Key Stages in DIP (Contd.) Image Restoration Morphological Processing Image Enhancement Segmentation Image Acquisition Object Recognition Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 53

Penutup Ada beberapa hal yang harus dikuasai sebelum menguasai materi di dalam image processing yaitu : matematika, aljabar, pengolahan sinyal, matriks dan transformasi linier, statistik, Struktur Data dan algoritma pemrograman. Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 54

Referensi slide Brian Mac Namee, Digital Image Processing : Introduction, www.com.dit.ie/bmacnamee Nana Ramadijanti, Image Processing : Day-1, Laboratorium Computer Vision, PENS-ITS, Surabaya Achmad Basuki, Pengantar Pengolahan Citra, Laboratorium Computer Vision, PENS-ITS, Surabaya Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 55

Image Processing Mempelajari Apa? http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/ http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description1.html http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description2.html http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description3.html http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description4.html Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 56

Image Processing Mempelajari Apa? (Contd.) http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description5.html http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description6.html http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description7.html Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 57

Minggu Depan..... Pertemuan ke-3 : PERSEPSI CITRA & WARNA Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 58

TERIMA KASIH Departemen Sistem Komputer TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Sejarah DIP & Permasalahannya 59