SO WHAT SHOULD BE OUR GOAL AS MASTER STUDENTS OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SEARCH OF HOPING TO UNDERSTAND THE INTRICACIES AND PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING?

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SO WHAT SHOULD BE OUR GOAL AS MASTER STUDENTS OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SEARCH OF HOPING TO UNDERSTAND THE INTRICACIES AND PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING?

Hence, “Psychological” Thinking . . . (scientific, reflective, “stranger”) . . . requires the habit of ALWAYS SEEING ALTERNATIVES GAINING AND CHANGING MENTAL PERSPECTIVE SUPPLEMENTING OUR LIVED EXPERIENCE WITH INSIGHTS DERIVED FROM THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE TO FORMULATE QUESTIONS AND GUIDE HYPOTHESES (MORE ON THIS COMING UP)

SO . . . THE ART OF UNDERSTANDING LEARNING PROSCESS IS . . .

THE ART mencari SIMILARITIES diantara fenomenda psikologis dan menghasilkan suatu PATTERNS pemahaman dan CATEGORIES konseptual yang dapat dipandang sebagai suatu pemahaman terhadap proses belajar manusia Adapted from WILLIAM JAMES

PSYCHOLOGISTS CREATE AND DEVELOP THEORIES TO EXPLAIN PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

A theory … provides an explanation of why and under what circumstances certain phenomena occur explains what happened in the past and predicts what will happen in the future defines and relates phenomena bring observations, events, and facts that seem random and disconnected into some meaningful relationship and order

Oleh karenanya … Theories seek the very patterns of behavior (similarities, categories) for which we search; and patterns of behavior are much less complex than individual behavior aid in organizing facts and interpreting meaning; represent public rather than private knowledge; consist of principles and claims that are testable; aim to be generalizable; and provide a conceptual framework for separate items of information and/or knowledge.

EXPLANATION + PREDICTION = CONTROL

WHAT IS LEARNING?

Learning is ………. a process inferred from an organism’s relatively permanent change in behavior, capacity to behave, knowledge, or disposition due to practice or previous experience (personal or vicarious) or to the organism's interaction with the environment.

Learning involves a change in behavior, capacity to behave, knowledge, or disposition. learners are capable of actions they could not perform before learning occurred For learning to have taken place, the changes must endure and be relatively permanent. temporary behavior changes are not learning but how long should learned behavior endure? The change in behavior, capacity to behave, knowledge, or disposition is due to practice or previous experience (personal or vicarious) or to learner's interaction with environment. not genetic/biological (walking, talking–we grow to talk, we learn to read) maturation is not learning changes brought about by temporary states (hunger, anger) are not learning Learning is a process, the existence of which we infer from change in performance.

BEBERAPA DEFINSI PSIKOLOGI BELAJAR Definisi Belajar Anderson (1995): “Belajar adalah suatu proses yang mana perubahan-perubahan yang bersifat relatif permanen terjadi dalam potensi perilaku sebagai suatu akibat pengalaman” Chance (1988): “Belajar dirumuskan sebagai satu perubahan yang relatif tahan lama pada perilaku akibat pengalaman” Domjan & Bukhard (1986): “Belajar adalah suatu perubahan yang tahan lama dalam mekanisme-mekanisme perilaku yang diakibatkan oleh pengalaman dengan peristiwa-peristiwa lingkungan” Hergenhahn & Olson (1997, h. 6): “Belajar adalah suatu perubahan yang relatif permanen dalam perilaku atau dalam potensialitas perilaku yang diakibatkan oleh pengalaman dan tidak dapat diatribusikan pada kondisi tubuh sementara seperti kondisi-kondisi tubuh yang disebabkan oleh penyakit, kelelahan. atau obat-obat

BELAJAR DAN PERILAKU Chance berpendapat bahwa belajar adalah perubahan perilaku akibat pengalaman, sebab tidak mungkin mengukur potensialitas perilaku Skinner yang menyatakan bahwa tidak perlu ada variabel intervening Neal Miller : variabel intervening akan berguna jika terdapat sejumlah variabel independen dan dependen Hergenhahn dan Olson : kebanyakan pakar psikologi belajar memandang belajar sebagai satu proses yang mengantarai (menjadi mediator) perilaku Tarpy (1982).berpendapat bahwa belajar seringkali dibedakan dengan performans

Belajar dan Memori Memori dirumuskan sebagai: “rekaman yang relatif permanen mengenai pengalaman yang mendasari belajar” (Anderson, 1995, h.5) Belajar akan mustahil tanpa memori sebab setiap eksekusi satu reaksi yang dipelajari membutuhkan memori mengenai tindakan terdahulu

EKSPERIMEN DALAM BELAJAR Penggunaan hewan atau manusia sebagai subjek eksperimen Pengalaman belajar hewan dapat dikendalikan Eksperimen-eksperimen belajar seringkali membutuhkan waktu yang panjang dan membosankan sehingga ada kemungkinan sulit mencari orang Sejumlah eksperimen menguji pengaruh genetika pada kemampuan belajar Hubungan antara obat-obatan tertentu dengan belajar mudah diteliti dengan menggunakan hewan Berbagai tehnik-tehnik pembedahan dapat dilakukan pada hewan Hewan tidak pernah absen alias selalu hadir untuk menjalani eksperimen Hewan tidak punya motivasi (Menghindari efek Placebo)

MODERN, dipengaruhi Emosi PARADIGMA BELAJAR FUNGSIONALIS ASOSIASI KOGNITIF NEUROFISIOLOGIS MODERN, dipengaruhi Emosi

Consequently…… “Learn your theories as well as you can, but put them aside when you touch the miracle of a living soul.” Carl Jung