KOMUNITAS Definisi: A. As an assemblage of taxonomic composition unity and a relatively uniform appearance ... With a definite trophic organization and metabolic pattern B. Is a group of several species (plants and / or animals) living together with mutual tolerance (adjustment) and beneficial interactions & in a natural area KARAKTERISTIK: 1. DIVERSITAS 2. BENTUK PERTUMBUHAN & STRUKTUR Pohon, Semak, Herba, Lumut, Dll. 3. DOMINANSI 4. SUKSESI 5. STRUKTUR TROFIK (SELF SUFFICIENCY )  BALANCE

DIVERSITAS S N/S unpolluted SPECIES DIVERSITY INDICES: (SD) RATIO ANTARA JUMLAH SPESIES DAN “IMPORTANCE VALUE” SD  <<  pada controlled eco. (Number, Biomass, Productivity, etc.) unpolluted N/S S

FREQUENCY Change of finding it with any one threw of quadrat in a given area Mis: Spesies “A” ada pada 86 kuadrat dari 200 kuadrat yang di lempar F A = X 1 0 0 = 4 3 % 8 6 2 0 0

EFEK TERHADAP FREKUENSI SHOOT FREQUENCY ROOTED FREQUENCY F A. PENGARUH BESARNYA KUADRAT A B B. PENGARUH BESARNYA TANAMAN SP A SP B C. PENGARUH DISTRIBUSI SPESIAL INDIVIDU

C O V E R Domin Scale Braum Blanquet  100% > 75% 50 - 75% 33 - 50% 33 - 50% 25 - 33%  20%  5% Scattered Very scattered Scarce Isolated 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C O V E R Abun dant Cover Small

SIMILARITY INDEX ANTAR SPESIES 2 C A + B C = banyaknya spesies yang ada pada kedua sampel A = jumlah spesies pada sampel “A” B = jumlah spesies = 1 - S DISSIMILARITY INDEX

ANALISIS KOMUNITAS ni 2 C =  N DUA CARA: INDEX OF DOMINANCE: 1. Zonal approach: discrete community yang dicatat dan diklasifikasikan 2. Gradient analysis approach: melibatkan berbagai faktor gradiens lingkungan didasarkan pada distribusi frekuensi 1000 1500 2000 80 60 40 20 Steep gradient Altitude in meters Dissimi- Larity index INDEX OF DOMINANCE: ni = importance value setiap sp. (no. of individual, biomass, dsb.) N = total of importance value C =  ni N 2

ASAL DAN PERKEMBANGAN (ECESIS) SEEDS  MIGRATION  COLONIZATION INTERACTION AMONG SP. - COMPETITION - STRATIFICATION - COHABITATION SUKSESI ENVIRONMENT KONDISI TANAH ------ IMMIGRATION ------ EXTINCTION RATE No. Sp. of Island ARTHUR & WILSON (1967) S = KOLONISASI & EKSTINSI YANG KONTINYU !

NO. OF SPECIES BREEDING BIRDS Degree latitude Breeding birds N0. Of Species ANTARKTIK GREENLAND LABRADOR NEW FOUNDLAND NEW YORK FLORIDA GUATEMALA PANAMA VENEZUELA COLOMBIA Region 90 – 65 (S) 80 – 60 (S) 60 – 52 47 – 52 41 – 45 25 – 30 14 – 18 6 – 9 1- 10 4 – 12 (S-N) 20 56 81 118 195 143 469 1100 1148 1395

EKOTONE Edge effect ecotone

KOMPOSISI - Hutan, gurun - padang rumput, sungai, danau - permukaan daun, tanah, litter STRUKTUR Gambar: Five Vertical Stratification of Deciduous Forest Community 1. Subterra near, rich in humus 2. Forest floor, fungi bact. 3. Herba veg. 4. Shrubs 5. Trees

DANAU Litoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Light compensation SUN ENERGY Litoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Light compensation level