POLITICS, DEMOCRACY & MEDIA FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

TEORI LIBERAL DEMOKRASI Derived from Bourgeois critiques of autocracy in early modern Europe, In French Revolution of 1789, Slogan “ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Munculnya kaum borjuis (atau kelas kapitalis) sebagai kekuatan ekonomi yang dominan di Eropa dan Amerika diperlukanutk menumbangkan otokrasi dan monopolisasi atas kekuasaan politik. the main concern of liberal democratic theory was thus ‘to grant individuals civil liberties against the incursion of the state’ (Bobbio, 1987, p. 10).

DEFINISI DEMOKRASI Demos= rakyat atau orang banyak, dan Kratos = kekuasaan. Artinya kekuasaan berada ditangan rakyat. Pandangan Barat = Demokrasi adalah sistem politik yang ditandai dengan pemilu yg bebas dan jujur, pemisahan kekuasaan (eksekutif, legislatif, yudikatif), dan penyelenggaraan kekuasaan yg diatur oleh hukuk, melindungi kemerdekaan berbicara, berkumpul, beragama dan hak2 pribadi seseorang (Huntington, 2004)

DEMOKRASI Menurut Jeff Haynes: Ada 2 Faktor Meluasnya Demokratisasi di era global: 1. adanya tekanan masyarakat yg sulit diabaikan 2. runtuhnya tembok Berlin dan hancurnya rezim komunis Eropa Timur, tekanan diplomatik & politik negara Barat dan lembaga2 Internasional (NATO, IMF, World Bank) serta tercipta iklim keterbukaan demokrasi krn adanya revolusi komunikasi (Manan, 2005

DEMOKRASI Faktor Lainnya yang menjadi kekuatan pendorong gelombang demokrasi: 1. Kemajuan teknolgi komunikasi & informasi. Thomas Friedmen say “everyone is connected but no one is in control.” 2. Meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat kelas menengah. 3. jatuhnya sistem pemerintahan dan ideologi komunis, fascis, otoriter dan demokrasi terpimpin. 4. makin besarnya pengaruh Amerika mendukung gerakan reformasi ( demokratisasi, keadilan, dan human rights)

KARAKTERISTIK LIBERAL DEMOKRASI 1. Konstitusi : Negara harus memiliki konstitusi/UU agar pemerintahan bisa diatur krn memuat aturan kewenangan lembaga negara&hak warga negara. 2. Partisipasi Politik Setiap org yang terlibat dalam proses demokrasi memperoleh hak yang sama. 3. Pilihan yang Rasional (Rational Choices): Demokrat, Golkar, PDI-P, PPP, Gerindra, Hanura, PKS, dll.

JURGEN HABERMAS: PUBLIC OPINION DAN PUBLIC SPHERE

PUBLIC OPINION DAN PUBLIC SPHERE Gripsund : the public sphere thus emerged as ‘a set of institutions representing a sort of “buffer zone” between the state/king and private sphere, to protect them from arbitrary decisions that interfered with what they considered private activities in an irrational way’ (1992, p. 89). The press in particular ‘was to function as an instrument or a forum for the enlightened, rational, critical, and unbiased public discussion of what the common interests were in matters of culture and politics’ (ibid.).

PUBLIC OPINION DAN PUBLIC SPHERE Josef Ernst: the public sphere is that ‘distinctive discursive space’ within which ‘individuals are combined so as to be able to assume the role of a politically powerful force’ (1988, p. 47). It is, in short, ‘the bourgeois realm of politics’ (ibid.) which has gradually expanded from its elitist beginnings to include absolute majorities of the population in modern democratic societies

PUBLIC OPINION DAN PUBLIC SPHERE The public sphere, as can be seen, comprises in essence the communicative institutions of a society, through which facts and opinions circulate and by means of which a common stock of knowledge is built up as the basis for collective political action: in other words, the mass media, which since the eighteenth century have evolved into the main source and focus of a society’s shared experience (see Figure 2.1)

PUBLIC OPINION DAN PUBLIC SPHERE The modern concept of ‘news’ developed precisely as a means of furnishing citizens with the most important information, from the point of view of their political activities, and of streamlining and guiding public discussion, functions which are taken for granted in contemporary journalism.

BENTUK RUANG PUBLIK WADAH (Organisasi, Lembaga, Media) KESEMPATAN (Aksesbilitas terhadap informasi)

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