Materials Development for Text Types

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Materials Development for Text Types Muchlas Yusak Widyaiswara LEMBAGA PENJAMIN MUTU PENDIDIKAN (LPMP) JAWA TENGAH Jln. Kyai Maja, Srondol Kulon, Semarang 50263 2006

Concepts Used in Developing Materials Language is best learned in context. Texts introduced are preferably whole texts. The grammar and vocabulary practice is done within meaningful texts, rather than in isolated sentences. Language skills should be learned together. For example, combine reading and writing. Remember, one of the best ways to improve the ability to write a particular text type is to read many texts in that text type.

Concepts in Developing Materials Lead the students to “read like a writer.” In other words, they should be thinking about how the authors built their texts, asking questions such as: What is the purpose of this text? What is the organisational structure of this text? What tenses are used? What kind of connectors are there? What sort of vocabulary is used?

Concepts in Developing Materials Build the students’ analytical skills and logical thinking. Start with the end in mind. We want the students to be able to write effective texts in a variety of text types. Provide the students with the building blocks so that they can construct their own text types that conform to the general standards of what texts in a particular text type should look like.

Organisational Structure Purpose Text Type Text Type Language Features Organisational Structure

The Purpose of a text type tells us why we use it. The Organisational Structure of a text type consists of the sections of the text in that text type. Text Type Language Features

The Teaching-Learning Cycle Building Knowledge of the Field Modeling of Text Joint Construction of Text Independent Construction of Text

Building Knowledge of the Field Tentukan topik dan kemampuan yang akan dikembangkan Menetapkan jenis teks yang sesuai (Information Report, Narrative, Recount) Rencanakan sejumlah kegiatan untuk menjadikan siswa akrab dengan topik dan jenis teksnya. Siapkan teks-teks contoh untuk dipajankan (exposed) dan dijadikan model untuk siswa.

Modeling of Text Kenalkan sebuah model jenis teks. Diskusikan dengan siswa tujuan digunakannya teks tersebut dalam kehidupan nyata. Bersama siswa, identifikasi bagaimana teks tersebut disusun. Setiap jenis teks memiliki tahapan pengembangannya sendiri untuk mencapai tujuannya. Diskusikan fungsi setiap tahap pengembangan teks.

Joint Construction of Text Researching the topic. Sebelum kegiatan menulis, pastikan bahwa siswa “mempunyai” sesuatu yang akan ditulis. Jenis “riset” yang dilakukan siswa disesuaikan dengan jenis teks yang akan ditulis. Report: mengamati/membaca/membuat catatan/menonton video Argument: diskusi/interview/mencari bukti Narrative: brainstorming/berkontemplasi

Joint Construction … continued Pooling information. Memperlihatkan proses yang terlibat dalam menulis sebuah teks. Jadi, sementara siswa mengembangkan bank data serta mengumpulkan gagasan dan informasi, mereka perlu bimbingan dalam merangkum catatan: matriks, chart, kolom, heading, flowchart, dll. Revising Structure. Merevisi struktur teks (misalnya: dengan mengacu pada teks model)

Joint Construction … continued Jointly constructing a text. Berikan keleluasaan pada siswa untuk memberi kontribusi informasi dan gagasan, sementara guru bertindak sebagai pembimbing, mengajukan pertanyaan dan memberi saran-saran tentang struktur teks. Assessing the children’s progress. Sebagian siswa mungkin berminat untuk langsung membuat teksnya sendiri secara mandiri, sementara yang lain masih memerlukan model.

Independent Construction of Text Setelah membaca, mengkaji teks model dan berpengalaman mengkonstruksi teks bersama-sama, siswa diharapkan telah siap menulis teksnya sendiri mengenai topik yang masih terkait. Setiap siswa, bisa dengan bimbingan guru, memilih sebuah topik. Misalnya: Jika guru memberikan teks model “How to care for your cat”, siswa bisa memilih menulis teks serupa tentang memelihara ikan hias, kura-kura, atau burung.

Independent Construction … continued Siswa menulis draft dengan mengacu pada model. Setiap siswa berkonsultasi pada guru dan/ atau temannya. Saat membahas draft tulisan, akan terlihat apakah siswa sudah siap menulis secara mandiri, atau mereka masih perlu modeling dan joint construction lagi. Pengeditan dan mempublikasikan teks-teks siswa merupakan langkah akhir yang bersifat optional.