KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest LAHAN HUTAN HUTAN : SEBIDANG LAHAN YANG TERTUTUP OLEH HUTAN ATAU LAHAN UNTUK BUDIDAYA HUTAN. A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of trees. As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to how and of what the forest is composed. A forest is usually an area filled with trees but any tall densely packed area of vegetation may be considered a forest, even underwater vegetation such as kelp forests, or non-vegetation such as fungi and bacteria. A typical tree forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. The understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. In some complex forests, there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. Forests are central to all human life because they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the planetary climate, purify water and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. Forests also contain roughly 90 percent of the world's terrestrial biodiversity. Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest

Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/land-policy-and-planning/eval/en/ EVALUASI LAHAN Land evaluation is formally defined as 'the assessment of land performance when used for a specified purpose, involving the execution and interpretation of surveys and studies of land forms, soils, vegetation, climate and other aspects of land in order to identify and make a comparison of promising kinds of land use in terms applicable to the objectives of the evaluation' (FAO, 1976). Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/land-policy-and-planning/eval/en/

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Principles of the FAO revised framework for land evaluation: Land suitability should be assessed and classified with respect to specified kinds of land use and services; Land evaluation requires a comparison of benefits obtained and the inputs needed on different types of land to assess the productive potential, environmental services and sustainable livelihood; Land evaluation requires a multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral approach; Land evaluation should take into account the biophysical, economic, social and political context as well as the environmental concerns; Suitability refers to use or services on a sustained basis; sustainability should incorporate productivity, social equity and environmental concerns; Land evaluation involves a comparison of more than one kind of use or service; Land evaluation needs to consider all stakeholders; and The scale and the level of decision-making should be clearly defined prior to the land evaluation process. Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/land-policy-and-planning/eval/en/

EVALUASI LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Land Suitability evaluation for forest plantation follows the principles of the Land Evaluation for forestry (FAO, 1984), with the exception of the Suitability index (Si) which has been calculated using a different formula: while: A - drainage rating B - soil depth rating C - slope rating D - soil texture rating E - altitude rating F - soil pH rating G - calcium carbonate content rating Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/Danling/Web/Content/12Land_suitability.php

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KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Penilaian kesesuaian lahan berikut nini dilakukan untuk spesies-spesies yg telah ada di lokasi penelitian : Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucaliptus camaldulensis. Metode yg digunakan berdasarkan pada pedoman evaluasi lahan F.A.O "Land evaluation for forestry" (1984). The land suitability, whose target is to find better and more suitable places for the implementation of forestry species, analyses soil conditions and climatic factors. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Data-data yg diperlukan untuk evaluasi lahan bagi hutan tanaman adalah: Karakteristik lahan, data sosial-ekonomi, analisis B/C ratio. Lokasi penelitian mempunyai peran sosial-ekonomi yang snagat penting. Hutan “Ben Slimane” yang lokasinya dekat dnegan kota-kota Moroccan, Rabat dan Casablanca, dianggap sangat sesuai untuk obyek wisata; juga ada lokasi yang dimanfatakan sebagai lokasi animal grazing dan “cork harvesting” bagi penduduk sekitar. For these reasons the species considered for land suitability are those, among the natural and artificial forest species, that allow a sustainable economy for tourism, pasture, and the production of fuel and paper wood. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Methodologi Tahapan metodologi F.A.O adalah sbb: Pemilihan spesies; Determination of ecological parameters that enable to understand the species behaviour regarding edaphic and environmental conditions; Penentuan kelas untuk setiap parameter ekologis; Pengumpulan data geomorfologi (slope) dan data tanah (drainage, pH, depth, texture, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, and coarse fragment); Pengolahan Data. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Data klimatik seperti elevasi , rataan suhu tahunan, dan rataan curah hujan tahunan tidak dipertimbangkan karena daerah survei dianggap homogen dari sudut pandang klimatik ini. Each class of every ecological parameter was classified with a determined value for each species. The value ranges from zero (worst conditions) to one (optimum conditions). This was done to show the behaviour of the species regarding the chosen parameters as shown in the Table 42 - Table 48. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 42 - Rating dan Pembobotan untuk Drainage Tanah Drainage Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Well drained 1 Rarely saturated 0.8 0.3 0.5 Saturated for short periods on most years 0.1 Saturated for long periods every year Always saturated Weight 3 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 43 - Rating untuk slope Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0-1 1 0.3 0.1 1-3 3-10 0.5 0.8 10-32 32-56 56-100 100-300 >300 Weight 2 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 44 - Rating dan Pembobotan untuk Kedalaman Tanah Soil depth (cm) Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0-50 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 50-100 100-150 1 >150 Weight 3 5 2 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 45 - Rating and weights for soil pH pH Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0-4 0.1 0.3 4-5 0.5 0.8 5-6 6-7 1 7-8 8-10 Weight 4 5 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 46 - Rating and weights for soil CaCO3 CaCO3 (%) Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 1 0.5 0.8 0-10 10-30 >30 0.3 Weight 2 4 5 3 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 47 - Rating and weights for soil organic carbon Organic carbon (cmol+/kg) Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0-0.7 0.5 0.3 1 0.7-1.3 0.8 1.3-1.9 1.9-2.7 2.7-5 Weight 5 3 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 48 - Rating and weights for soil texture (USDA classification) Texture Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Clay 0.1 0.3 0.5 Loam 0.8 Clay loam Silt 1 Silty clay Silty clay loam Silty loam Sandy clay Sandy clay loam Sandy loam Loamy sand Sand Weight 2 5 3 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 49 - Rating and weights for coarse fragments Coarse fragments (%) Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0-2 1 0.3 2-5 5-15 0.5 0.8 15-40 40-80 0.1 >80 Weight 5 3 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Masing-masing nilai ini kemudian dikalikan dnegan suatu “bobot” (nilainya bulat 1-5), untuk mendapatkan suatu nilai yang mencerminkan kepentingan setiap parameter ekologis untuk setiap spesies. Misalnya “bobot” untuk faktor-faktor pembatas , seperti drainage untuk jenis tegakan Tetraclinis articulata, ditetapkan nilai 1 sedangkan parameter yang perannya sama bagi semua spesies diberi bobot t 5. To enhance the limiting factors, the values of each relevé, whose weight was different from one, have been summarised (å 1nx) and divided by the sum of the their weights (å 1nw), and then multiplied by the product of the values whose the weight was equal to 1 (Y). Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN In this way we obtained a number from 0 to 1 for each relevé, that reflects the importance of the limiting factor, giving it more weight because it is multiplied to the final value. Angka ini dipakai untuk memberikan suatu INDEKS untuk setiap satuan lahan sesuai dengan “facet” yg paling representatif dalam “the relevé”. Indeks ini kemudian dikonversi menjadi Kelas Kesesuaian Lahan seperti pada Tabel 50. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Table 50 – Kelas-kelas Kesesuaian. KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Table 50 – Kelas-kelas Kesesuaian. Indeks Akhir Kelas Kesesuaian >0.8 S1 0.6-0.8 S2 0.3-0.6 S3 <0.3 N Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN HASIL PENILAIAN Figure 34 - Figure 37 Menunjukkan klasifikasi kesesuaian lahan untuk spesies yang dianalisis. Suitabilities for afforestation, production and naturalistic conservation were overlapped as layers, to show the potential use of the considered species for economic purposes (paper wood, fuel wood, cork, and grazing in forest) and for a naturalistic conservation of the forest, related to its historic importance and to recreational purposes. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN HASIL PENILAIAN Eucalyptus camaldulensis dianggap lebih penting secara ekonomis karena nilainya sebagai bahan bakar dan bahan baku industri kertas. Pinus halepensis is the next in importance, used for timber wood, and then Quercus suber, for grazing under forest and cork harvesting, and Tetraclinis articulata, whose timber is used for making tools. Prosedur ini tidak mempertimbangkan faktor ekonomis guna-lahan (Figure 38). Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Dari sudut pandang naturalistik, dipertimbangkan empat spesies dalam urutan kepentingannya: Quercus suber and Tetraclinis articulata, because they are the original species of this area, and then Pinus halepensis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, which are species introduced with plantations (Figure 39). Kesesuaian lahan untuk konservasi tanah ditetapkan untuk unit-unit yg menunjukkan risiko erosi yang besar (Kelas 3 - 5) dan dengan memperhatikan bahwa Tetraclinis articulata dan Pinus halepensis lebih sesuai untuk konservasi tanah, karena mereka lebih “rustic” daripada Eucalyptus camaldulensis dan Quercus suber (Figure 40). Hasilnya disajikan dalam Tabel 51. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 34 - Land suitability for Quercus suber Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 35 - Land suitability for Tetraclinis articulata Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 36 - Land suitability for Pinus halepensis Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 37 - Land suitability for Eucalyptus camaldulensis Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 38 - Land suitability for wood protection Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 39 - Land suitability for naturalistic forestry Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Figure 40 – Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Konservasi Tanah Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Table 51 - Land evaluation for Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Land Unit Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Suitability for wood production Suitability for naturalistic forestry Suitability for soil conservation (*) 1 S3 S2 E. camaldulensis NR 2 N 3 4 P. halepensis 4 P. halepensis 5 S1 Q. suber 3 P. halepensis 6 7 8 9 10 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Table 51 - Land evaluation for Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Land Unit Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Suitability for wood production Suitability for naturalistic forestry Suitability for soil conservation (*) 11 S2 S3 S1 E. camaldulensis Q. suber NR 12 13 14 15 N 16 3 P. halepensis 17 P. halepensis T. articulata 4 P. halepensis 18 19 3 E. camaldulensis 20 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Table 51 - Land evaluation for Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Land Unit Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Suitability for wood production Suitability for naturalistic forestry Suitability for soil conservation (*) 21 S3 S1 P. halepensis T. articulata 5 T. articulata 22 N S2 E. camaldulensis NR 23 24 Q. suber 4 P. halepensis 25 5 P. halepensis 26 27 4 T. articulata 28 29 4 E. camaldulensis 30 Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

Table 51 - Land evaluation for Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata, Pinus halepensis, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Land Unit Quercus suber Tetraclinis articulata Pinus halepensis Eucalyptus camaldulensis Suitability for wood production Suitability for naturalistic forestry Suitability for soil conservation (*) 31 S2 S1 E. camaldulensis Q. suber 3 P. halepensis 32 S3 P. halepensis T. articulata 4 P. halepensis 33 34 35 36 NR 37 4 T. articulata U R Q (*) Erosion risk class is shown before the chosen species in suitability for soil conservation column Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Analysing the results for land suitability in the four land systems (plateau of Ben Slimane, western scarp of the plateau, eastern scarp of the plateau, and southern reliefs): Dapat disimpulkan bahwa spesies Pinus halepensis dan Eucaliptus camaldulensis (Figure 36 dan Figure 37), sangat sesuai dengan kondisi permukaan (lahan) di daerah survei. Hasil ini muncul dari perilaku ekologis spesies tegakan yang dianalisis, spesies-spesies ini mampu beradaptasi dnegan baik terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan tanah yang “tidak baik”. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN It is evident when analysing the results for each species in the four land systems, that in the plateau of Ben Slimane, Quercus suber is suitable from moderate to high undulating planation surface while it is marginally suitable in the flat areas where the soil drainage condition, one of the limiting factor in addition to slope steepness, is poor and the soil texture is clayey. Moreover in the undulating surface the few areas marginally suitable for oak are on calcareous substratum. Along the eastern scarp of the plateau, oak is found to be marginally or not suitable at all because of the high slope steepness. The same results for the western scarp of plateau were found but this is mainly due to poor soil drainage. In the southern reliefs, cork oak is moderately suitable where the soil is well drained and the slopes are not very steep (Figure 34). This potential distribution of Quercus suber is very similar to its actual distribution, except for the undulating surface covered by agricultural crops. Taking these results into account, it is possible to suppose that in the past, cork oak forests did not accupy a much greater area. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Jenis-jenis Quercus suber, Tetraclinis articulata kurang sesuai di sebagian besar daerah Ben Slimane plateau, kecuali di beberapa lokasi yang kondisi lokal-tanahnya dapat diperbaiki nilai kesesuaiannya. Spesies ini sesuai atau cukup-sesuai di sisi timur plateau dan di daerah selatan , dimana tanah-tanahnya mempunyai drainage yg baik, dan kemiringannya masih sesuai untuk penyebarannya. Along the western scarp of the plateau bad soil drainage is probably the main cause of the Tetraclinis absence; in this area only few hills with calcareous substratum result highly suitable (Figure 35). Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN It can be noticed that also in this case the potential distribution of Tetraclinis articulata, according only to soil and climatic conditions, is very similar to the actual distribution even if some of these areas were afforested with Pinus halepensis. As previously stated, Pinus halepensis is from moderately to highly suitable in the western scarp of the plateau, in the southern reliefs, and in the Ben Slimane plateau, but it is not suitable in the flat areas and in the western scarp of the plateau mainly because of the poor soil drainage (Figure 36). Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Eucaliptus camaldulensis kurang-sesuai di sepanjang sisi timur dan barat dari plateau dan di daerah selatan, karena kecuraman lerengnya menjadi faktor pembatas bagi penyebarannya. (Figure 37). On the other hand the high adaptability of this species to grow on poor drained soils, permits it to be used for wood production in the dayas. Jenis Eucalyptus gomphocephala, meskipun telah digunakan untuk penghutanan-kembali, namun tidak dianalisis karena perilakunya sangat menyerupai jenis Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Menurut peta kesesuaian jenis-jenis terpilih, peta-peta ppotensial untuk produksi kayu-hutan, hutan alam, dan konservasi tanah dapat ditetapkan. Misalnya, untuk produksi kayu hutan, jenis Eucaliptus camaldulensis sangat sesuai di daerah selatan dan di plateau Ben Slimane, sedangkan jenis Pinus halepensis sangat sesuai di sepanjang daerah timur dan daerah-daerah plateau dengan tanah-tanah berkapur. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Untuk tujuan konservasi alami, Quercus suber dan Tetraclinis articulata, bersifat autochtonous di likasi penelitian, dipilih sebagai spesies utama. Kedua spesies ini sangat sesuai atau cukup sesuai di daerah bagian selatan, di bagian sebelah timur plateau, dan di daerah berombak plateau Ben Slimane. Dalam skenario ini, jenis Eucaliptus, di lokasi dimana oak dan Tetraclinis tidak sesuai, dapat menempadi daerah datar dan “dayas”, sedangkan tanah-tanah berkapur di daerah-plateau lebih sesuai untuk jenis Pinus halepensis. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN Untuk tujuan konservasi tanah, di lokasi yang mempunyai kelas risiko erosi lebih dari 2, ternyata bahwa lokasi yang rawan erosi ini dapat diproteksi melalui penghutanan kembali dengan spesies Tetraclinis artculata dan Pinus halepensis (keduanya sangat sesuai dnegan lahan curam) , Eucaliptus camaldulensis dapat digunakan di lokasi yang kelas risiko erosinya lebih ringan dengan kemiringan lahan yang lebih datar. Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN TANAMAN . Sumber: http://www.iao.florence.it/training/geomatics/BenSlimane/Marocco21_4_2_3.htm