PENGATURAN WTO TERHADAP LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN YANG BERTENTANGAN DENGAN NILAI-NILAI SOSIAL DAN KEPENTINGAN-KEPENTINGAN LAIN Oleh: ABSHORIL FITHRY m.k. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional PROGRAM HUKUM BISNIS FAKULTAS HUKUM - UNIVERSITAS WIRARAJA

KONSEP PENGATURAN Isu-isu yang kerap bersinggungan dengan liberalisasi perdagangan, prinsip-prinsip non-diskriminasi, atau aturan tentang akses pasar antara lain adalah: peningkatan dan perlindungan kesehatan masyarakat (promotion and promotion of public health); keamanan dan keselamatan konsumen (consumer safety); lingkungan (environmental); ketenagakerjaan (employment); perkembangan ekonomi (economic development); keamanan nasional (national security). Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

Lanjutan... WTO mengakomodasi keberadaan nilai-nilai sosial dan kepentingan-kepentingan lain dalam masyarakat dengan menyediakan aturan-aturan pengecualian (Exceptional Clauses); Berdasarkan Exceptional Clauses ini anggota WTO dalam “kondisi khusus dan tertentu” diperkenankan untuk melanggar ketentuan WTO dalam rangka memprioritaskan/lebih mengedepankan pelaksanaan atau perlindungan bagi nilai-nilai sosial atau kepentingan-kepentingan lain. Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

Exceptional Clauses The General Exceptions of Art. XX of GATT 1994 and Art. XIV of the GATS; The Security Exception of Art. XXI of GATT 1994 and Art. XIV bis of the GATS; The Economic Emergency Exception of Art. XIX of GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards; The Regional Integration Exceptions of Art. XXIV of the GATT 1994 and Art. V of the GATS; The Balance of Payment Exceptions of Art. XII and XVIII:B of the GATT 1994 and Art. XII of the GATS; The Economic Development Exception. Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The General Exceptions under Art. XX GATT 1994 Art. XX (b) GATT 1994  for the protection of public health and environment; Art. XX (d) GATT 1994  to secure compliance with national legislation (such as Custom Law or Intellectual Properties Regulations); Art. XX (g) GATT 1994  for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources (such as mineral and other non-living resources; living resources; endangered species Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

General Exceptions under Art. XIV (a) to (e) GATS The protection of public morals; The protection of public order; The protection pf human, animal, or plant life or health; The prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices; The protection of the privacy of individual; The equitable or effective imposition or collection of direct taxes Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The Security Exception of Art. XXI of GATT 1994 and Art The Security Exception of Art. XXI of GATT 1994 and Art. XIV bis of the GATS; Memperbolehkan praktik pembatasan perdagangan (trade restrictive measures) baik yang dilakukan secara unilateral maupun multilateral terhadap sesama anggota WTO dengan tujuan mempertahankan keamanan nasionalnya; Bentuk praktik pembatasan perdagangan (trade restrictive measures) adalah: Tindakan atau kebijakan tentang fissionable materials; Tindangan atau kebijakan tentang perdagangan senjata atau keperluan militer lain (arms or military use); Tindakan dan kebijakan pada saat perang atau kondisi gawat darurat lain dalam konteks hubungan internasional. Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The Economic Emergency Exception of Art The Economic Emergency Exception of Art. XIX of GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards Terjadinya “a surge in imports causes, or threatens to cause, serious injury to domestic industry”; Langkah yang diambil untuk dalam menghadapi economic emergency disebut safeguard, berupa: Restrict imports to allow the domestic industry concerned time for structural adjustment to a new economic realities; Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

Lanjutan... Safeguard hanya dapat dilaksanakan pada jangka waktu tertentu, diterapkan secara tidak diskriminatif, memberikan peluang bagi negara yang dikenai safeguard untuk mencari kompensasi; Safeguard hanya dapat diterapkan dengan syarat: Terjadi peningkatan import yang “recent, sudden, sharp, and significant”; Terjadi “serious injury” or “thread on serious injury”; Serious Injury artinya terdapat ketidakseimbangan secara keseluruhan antara import dan domestic industry. Thread of Serious Injury artinya serious injury benar-benar “imminent”; Harus ada hubungan kausalitas dan langsung antara “surge of import” dengan kerugian yang diderita industry domestik. Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The Regional Integration Exceptions of Art. XXIV of the GATT 1994 WTO law recognizes the advantages of economic integration and trade liberalization even when these efforts involve only some of its members; A measure inconsistent with GATT justified if: The measure is introduced upon the formation of a custom union, a FTA, an interim agreement; Dipatuhinya aturan WTO justru menghalangi terbentuknya a custom union atau FTA Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The Regional Integration Exceptions of Art. V of the GATS A measure inconsistent with GATS justified if: The measure is introduced as part of the substantial sectorial coverage requirement [Art. V(1)(a)]; the substantial all discrimination requirement [Art. V(1)(b)]; the barrier to trade requirement [Art. V(4)]; Justru jika requirements di atas dilarang, liberalisasi perdagangan jasa tidak terwujud. Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

Quantitative restriction; Import surcharged; The Balance of Payment Exceptions of Art. XII and XVIII:B of the GATT 1994 and Art. XII of the GATS Allow Members to adopt measures inconsistent with Art II and XI of GATT to safeguard their external financial position and to protect their balance of payment, such as: Quantitative restriction; Import surcharged; Ketentuan ini berlaku lebih longgar bagi the Developing Countries Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.

The Economic Development Exception Special and Differential Treatment to Developing Countries provides to facilitate their integration in world trading system and promote their economic development; Bentuknya adalah semua ketentuan WTO yang: Increase trade opportunity; Safeguarding the interest of Developing Countries; Memberikan flexibility on commitments, actions, and use of policy instrument; Memberikan transitional time periods; Technical assistance; Provisions relating Least Developed Countries Hak Cipta © 2009 Yahoo! abshorilfithry@rocketmail.com. Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang.