PUBLIC GOODS & PUBLICLY PROVIDED PRIVATE GOODS

PUBLIC GOODS Ciri: Non-rivalry in consumption Non-excludability If 2 ciri tsb. terpenuhi  Pure Public Goods PUBLIC GOODS & MARKET FAILURE Inefficiency: Underconsumption Undersupply

PAYING FOR PUBLIC GOODS User Fees: Biaya yg dibebankan pemerin- tah utk brg yg non-rivalry tapi memungkinkan exclusion Termasuk juga inefficiency Price (Toll) Demand Curve For Trips P Bridge capacity Number of trips o Qe Qm Qc

THE FREE RIDER PROBLEM Brg2 yg disediakan secara publik dg ciri non-excludability tdk memungkinkan utk melakukan rationing via price system krn  free rider problem walaupun MC positif Free Rider Problem  keengganan org2 utk menyumbang secara sukarela utk mendukung public goods

PURE AND IMPURE PUBLIC GOODS Non-rival  MC = 0 Non-exludable  the cost of exlusion (transaction costs) sangat tinggi MC of use Congested Highway PURE PRIVATE GOOD: Health services, education PURE PUBLIC GOOD: National Defence Fire Protection Ease of exclusion

PUBLICLY PROVIDED PRIVATE GOODS PPPG  Brg2 yg menimbulkan MC yg besar sehubungan supply utk tambahan individual Alasan2 penanganan secara publik: Cost Distribution consideration

P Demand Curve Welfare loss from excessive consumption MC Q Qe Qm P Demand Curve Welfare loss from excessive consumption MC Q Qe Qm

RATIONING DEVICES FOR PUBLICLY PROVIDED PRIVATE GOODS Demand Curve A P* Trans. cost E F C B Prod. cost Q Qe Qo Qm Jika transaction cost tinggi  lebih effisien jika disupply secara publik dg cara membandingkan antara: Penghematan trans.cost + gain kenaikan konsumsi dr Qe ke Qo dengan: kerugian krn overconsumption + kerugian akibat distorsi pajak utk membiayai penyediaannya

Akibat overconsumption, mk perlu rationing System  metode utk membatasi konsumsi: User fees/charges Uniform provision Queuing Uniform provision P D. curve of high demander Sejumlah orang dpt lebih banyak dpt level yg effisien dan sejumlah orang dpt kurang D. curve of low demander MC Q Q2 Q* Q1

EFFICIENCY CONDITION FOR PUBLIC GOODS Berapa banyak brg publik yg seharusnya di supply? Supply yg effisien pure public goods jika jumlah MRS priv & pub semua individu = MRTS MRSprivat & publik  brp banyak brg privat yg sedia dikorbankan masing2 individu utk memperoleh satu unit tambahan brg publik

MRTS  berapa banyak brg privat yg siap dikorbankan utk memperoleh 1 unit tambahan brg publik. KURVA DEMAND PUBLIC GOODS Walaupun pub goods tdk dibeli, pajak dpt dianggap sbg pengeluaran utk pub goods (tax price). Jika p  tax price, C konsumsi brg privat G konsumsi brg publik, dan Y income ssorg, maka: Y = C + pG

Dpub Individual demand for public goods Kons brg priv B E’ E B B’ G1 Kons brg pub Tax price E p1 E’ p2 Dpub G1 G2 Jum brg pub

Kurva demand kollektif merupakan penjumlah vertikal Rp Kurva demand kollektif utk barang publik Tax price Indiv 2 Kurva demand kollektif Tax price Indiv 2 Kurva demand indiv 2 Kurva demand indiv 1 G Jum brg publik Kurva demand kollektif merupakan penjumlah vertikal kurva demand indiv 1 dan 2 utk brg publik yg masing2 memperoleh jumlah yg sama.

Produk yg effisien  perpotongan D dan S brg publik. D kollektif Q Produk yg effisien  perpotongan D dan S brg publik. D mewakili jumlah yg bersedia dikorbankan semua individu, sedangkan S mewakili jumlah brg lain yg bersedia dikorbankan utk m/oleh 1 unit tambahan brg publik