AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST Planning, evaluation AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST

EP 2019 patton Chap 2

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PROSES 2.1 Types of Policy Analysis 2.2 The Role of the Analyst 2.3 Ethical Considerations 2.4 The Analytic Process 2.5 Basic Policy Analysis in Six Steps

(Were the purpose of the policy met?) 1. POLICY ANALYSIS: BEFORE IMPLEMENTASI AFTER IMPLEMENTASI POLICY ANALYSIS AFTER: EX-POST POST HOC RETROSPECTIVE (What happened?) EVALUATIVE (Were the purpose of the policy met?) BEFORE: EX-ANTE PRE-HOC ANTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE PREDICTIVE PRESCRIPTIVE projection of future state analysis that recommends action

2. The role of the analyst: BIROKRAT  ENTREPRENEUR “most policy actors run in totally opposite directions from what many policy analysts advocate” Role of the analyst: interpretation of problems, establishment of a fact base, identification and evaluation of alternatives. to maintain credibility the analyst must a) identify underlying assumptions, b) keep accurate records, c) use multiple sources of information, and d) employ replicable methods and models

3. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Isu etika sehari hari dihadapkan kepada Planners, analysts, experts, and advisers: Administrative decisions, bureaucratic procedures, and rules of behavior regarding clients and supervisors Isu yang lebih komplek terkait dengan: the moral implications of our methods, the ethical content of the criteria built into decision models, and those ethical issues inherent in the evaluation of major policy alternatives.

3. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Values in analysis: analyst must clarify values.... “a category of preferred events,” such as peace rather than war, high levels of productive employment rather than mass unemployment, democracy rather than despotism....(Lasswell) Moral thinking 3 jenis: descriptive, which attempts to develop a theory of human nature that bears on ethical questions; normative, which addresses what is good or right in a particular case or as a general principle and leads to a normative judgment; and Critical or meta-ethical, which addresses logical, epistemological, or semantic questions dealing with the establishment and justification of ethical and value judgments.

2 komponen utama dari analisis kebijakan (policy analysis): 4. THE ANALYTIC PROCESS 2 komponen utama dari analisis kebijakan (policy analysis): problem analysis: understanding the problem, choosing and explaining relevant goals and constraints, and choosing a solution method solution analysis: choosing evaluation criteria, specifying policy alternatives, evaluating alternatives in terms of criteria, and recommending actions

5. BASIC POLICY ANALYSIS problem definition: verify, define, and detail the problem determination of evaluation criteria, Identification of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, comparison of alternatives, and assessment of outcomes: Monitor the Implemented Policy

EP 2019 patton Chap 4

Verifying, Defining, and Detailing the Problem 4.1 Identifying and Defining Problems 4.2 Developing the Problem Statement 4.3 Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations 4.4 Quick Decision Analysis 4.5 Creation of Valid Operational Definitions 4.6 Political Analysis 4.7 The Issue Paper Versus First-Cut Analysis

4.1 Identifying and Defining Problems Social criterion approach: Mencari dan mendefinisikan Permasalahan social yang perlu dipecahkan Perlu dipahami bahwa pasti terdapat koflik kepentingan antara: Individual problems vs societal problems Widespread problems vs serious problems Absolute problems vs relative problems Pragmatic approach: Permasalahan sudah given , langkah dari analis adalah mengidentifikasi aspek dari permasalahan tersebut yang terpengaruh Konsisten dengan perspektif bahwa analisis kebijakan dapat dilakukan hanya bila tdp perbedaan pendapat thd suatu isu Alternatif di analisis dan ditentukan yang paling kecil biayanya untuk memperkecil perbedaan tsb

4.2 Developing the Problem Statement What is/are the problem/s Operational definition of the problem/s Think about the problem: Strukturisasi data dan knowledge terkait permasalahan Statement terkait situasi empiris Memerinci nilai (value) yang membentuk permasalahan yang dirasakan klien/analis/publik/other societal groups Delineate the boundaries of the problem: Lokasi, rentang waktu, dan kejadian sejarah yang membentuk permasalahan Kriteria yang digunakan: Interest Theoretical value Practical value Workability Critical mass WORTHWHILE?

4.3 Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations Hitungan/analisis kasar, estimasi awal, bertujuan untuk memberikan batasan dan indikasi arah dan magnitute permasalahan Dibutuhkan informasi kuantitatif, bila belum diketahui lakukan step berikut: Cari angka dari sumber referensi Kumpulkan data dari survey sistematis Buat estimasi angka Minta pendapat pakar

4.4 Quick Decision Analysis Menggunakan decision saplings (simple decision tree), yang hanya memiliki beberapa cabang yang terkait dengan dilemma penetapan kebijakan Cari angka dari sumber referensi Kumpulkan data dari survey sistematis Buat estimasi angka Minta pendapat pakar

A Decision Tree: To Revise or Not To Revise the Community Development Budget

4.5 Creation of Valid Operational Definitions Upayakan agar bagian dari analisis dapat dilakukan secara kuantitatif: reliability: diupayakan untuk menghindari data yang ambigu Chek terhadap pengukuran yang fraktional: hanya membawa sebagian makna dari konsep asli; terlalu mengandalkan pengukuran kuantitatif dan melupakan kualitatif. Indirect measurement

VALID OPERATIONAL DEFINITION sn VALID OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Nyatakan konsep dalam istilah yang tidak ambigu Berikan perhatian terhadap pengukuran baik kualitatif maupun kuantitatif Pertimbangkan spillover akibat fractional measurement Gunakan data primer bila memungkinkan Gunakan data yang dicari untuk unit analisis yang distudi Tarik kesimpulan yang hanya dihasilkan dari unit analisis Hindari spekulasi terhadap karakteristik data kelompok Kembangkan kebijakan untuk unit sosial dan politik yang nyata

s 4.6 Political Analysis The timing and location of political analysis depend on the situation: One approach would be to conceive of analysis as a two-step process: Supply an answer based on quantitative and economic reasoning, and then modify that answer using political considerations. . . . Second approach, more difficult but also probably more effective, is to introduce politics at each stage of policy analysis. The analyst would consider political feasibility : In the selection of a policy problem, in the definition of that problem, in the identification of alternatives, and in the recommendation of preferred alternatives.

4.7 The Issue Paper Versus First-Cut Analysis Issue paper: a feasibility study of whether or not to do “researched analysis.” It provides the basis for more detailed analysis but is developed from readily available data and information. Basic policy analysis: conducted with the intention of delivering a usable recommendation to the client. It may, and indeed should, contain a section suggesting to the client the possibilities for in-depth study, including a timetable, resources needed, and the benefits to be derived from the additional investment. Researched analysis: each step in the policy analysis process is done in depth.

Establishing Evaluation Criteria patton Chap 5 5.1 The Process of Establishing Evaluation Criteria 5.2 Several Important Economic Concepts 5.3 Commonly Employed Evaluation Criteria

5.1 The Process of Establishing Evaluation Criteria Helping the decision maker to clarify what is sought and to define the objectives so that alternatives can be designed PROBLEMS: The political process fosters the development of purposefully vague, singular objectives: “the economic development of city X,” for example. .. the “naive criteria” evaluation method. (Braybrooke and Lindblom) Often a proposed policy or program has several objectives, the objectives each have several related criteria, and each of the criteria has several associated measures. Unwillingness of politicians to discard multiple, conflicting objectives

5.2 Several Important Economic Concepts 5.2.1 The Free-Market Model: Pareto criterion. A trade makes one person better off and no person worse off. Pareto optimum. Free competition using a price system will produce a condition in which no one can be made better off without someone being made worse off. Market failure ! 5.2.2 Costs: in policy analysis it is called opportunity cost. A common pitfall: “ignoring costs altogether” . Several common errors:

Several common errors: to identify program costs as synonymous with cash outlays to identify and count only those costs that are monetarizable. Most public actions involve costs that are not monetarizable, and some that are intangible costs. to ignore costs when they fall to people or governments outside the client’s concern. the concept of costs is in order.

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