Presented By: Rifa’atul Mahmudah MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND ANATOMY OVERVIEW

Functions of Skeletal System –Internal framework of body –Supports body –Protects internal organs –Point of attachment for muscles –Produces blood cells –Stores minerals

Musculoskeletal system BursaeBursae Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Joints Muscles Bones Musculoskeletal System

Musculo...? Sistem terdiri dari : Otot, Fascia,Tendon Otot membentuk 43% BB, kandungan otot >1/3 adalah protein tubuh Proses vital tubuh (Kontraksi jantung, pembuluh darah, bernafas, peristaltik usus) krn ada aktivitas otot 410/4/2019 Faginitra-2018

Anatomy and Physiology Bones –206 bones in the human body –Classification Short bones; long bones Flat bones; irregular bones –Two types of bony tissue ( spongy, dense) –Composition of bones (calcium and phosphorus –Types of bone cells –Bone marrow

Skull22 Tulang Cranial (8 bones) Frontal 1 Parietal 2 Occipital 1 Temporal 2 Sphenoid 1 Ethmoid 1 Tulang fasial (13 tulang) Maksila 2 Palatine 2 Zygomatic 2 Lacrimal 2 Nasal 2 Vomer 1 Inferior nasal concha 2 Tulang mandibula (1 tlng) Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

Auditory Ossicles Malleus 2 Incus 2 Stapes 2 6 tulang Hyoid Bones1 tulang Columna vertebrae Cervical 7 Thorakal 12 Lumbal 5 Sacrum (penyatuan dari 5 tl) 1 Coxygis (penyatuan dr 4 tl) 1 26 tulang Ribs and sternumTulang iga 24 Sternum 1 25 tulang

Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones) Pectoral girdle Scapula 2 Clavicula 2 4 tulang Ekstremitas atas Humerus 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpal 16 Metacarpal 10 Phalanx tulang Pelvic girdle Os coxa 2 (setiap os coxa terdiri dari penggabungan 3 tulang) 2 tulang Ekstremitas bawahFemur 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Patella 2 Tarsal 14 Metatarsal 10 Phalanx tulang

Four Shapes of Bones Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Longer than wide Example: femur humerus Roughly as long as wide Example: carpals tarsals Plate- shaped Example: sternum scapula pelvis Shape very irregular Example: vertebrae

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

Long Bones Majority of bones in body Divided into: –Diaphysis –Epiphysis –Metaphysis

Periosteum Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage Thin connective tissue membrane Contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels

Compact Bone Also called cortical bone Very dense and hard Outer layer of bone Found in both epiphysis and diaphysis

Cancellous Bone Also called spongy bone Found inside bone Has spaces containing red bone marrow –Manufactures blood cells

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Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Anatomy and Physiology Muscles –Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Joints –The junction between two or more bones –Free-moving or diarthrodial joints Tendons –Cord-like structures that attach muscles to the periosteum of the bone –Attachments of the muscle Origin and insertion

Anatomy and Physiology Ligaments –Fibrous tissue connecting two adjacent, freely movable bones Cartilage –Firm, dense type of connective tissue –Types: Hyaline or articular; costal; semilunar; fibrous; elastic Bursae –Small sac filled with synovial fluid –Reduces friction between areas

Types of Muscles Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

2110/4/2019 Faginitra-2018

1. Tipe Jaringan Otot  Otot Polos Punya 1 inti berada di tengah Dipersarafi : saraf otonom (involunter), serat otot polos (tidak berserat), terdapat di organ dalam tubuh (viseral) Sumber Ca2+ dari CES (Cerebro Sprinal) Sumber energi terutama dari metabolisme aerobik Kerja : awal kontraksi lambat, kadang mengalami tetani (kejang), dan tahan trhdp kelelahan 2210/4/2019 Faginitra-2018

2. Tipe Jaringan Otot  Otot Rangka / Serat Lintang Punya banyak inti Dipersarafi : saraf motorik somatik (volunter) Letak : melekat pada tulang Sumber Ca2+ dari Retikulum Sarkoplasma Sumber energi dari metabolisme aerobik & anaerobik Kerja : awal kontraksi cepat, mengalami tetani/kejang, dan cepat lelah 2310/4/2019 Faginitra-2018

3. Tipe Jaringan Otot  Otot Jantung Punya 1 inti berada di tengah Dipersarafi : saraf otonom (involunter), serat otot polos berserat Letak : hanya pada jantung Sumber Ca2+ dari CES (Cerebro Sprinal) & Retikulum Sarkoplasma Sumber energi dari metabolisme aerobik Kerja : awal kontraksi lambat, tidak mengalami tetani (kejang), dan tahan trhdp kelelahan 2410/4/2019 Faginitra-2018

Skeletal Muscles Attached to bones Produce voluntary movement of skeleton Also referred to as striated muscle – Looks striped under microscope

Skeletal Muscles Muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue –Called fascia –Tapers at the end to form tendon –Inserts into periosteum to attach muscle to bone Are stimulated by motor neurons –Point of contact with muscle fiber is called myoneural junction

Joints A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement.(skull and pelvis). Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement(spine or ribs).ribs). Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.

The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide 5.52a

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide 5.52b

Types of Joints Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)

Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)

Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid- tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)

Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)

Movement Terminology dorsiflexionbackward bending of foot plantar flexionbending sole of foot; pointing toes flexionact of bending or being bent extensionbrings limb into a straight condition abductionmovement away from midline of body adductionmovement toward midline of body

Movement Terminology elevationto raise depressionto drop down pronationturning palm downward supinationturning palm upward eversionturning outward inversionturning inward